Intelligent building management systems

ABSTRACT

A hierarchical resource management system for a building includes one or more processors. The processors implement a plurality of agents that each monitor sensed values, and generate operating scenarios based on the sensed values for corresponding resources. The processors also implement a coordinator that filters the operating scenarios to remove the operating scenarios that violate internal laws of the agents to form an aggregate validated set of operating scenarios. The processors further implement a supervisor that, responsive to receipt of target conditions for the zones and the aggregate validated set of operating scenarios from the coordinator, selects a combination of the operating scenarios from the aggregate validated set of operating scenarios that achieves target conditions and minimizes overall energy consumption by the resources such that some of the operating scenarios of the combination do not minimize energy consumption of the resources corresponding to the some of the operating scenarios.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/682,746, filed Jun. 8, 2018, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to the control of equipment used within buildings.

BACKGROUND

A building management system (BMS), otherwise known as a building automation system (BAS), is a computer-based control system installed in a building that controls and monitors the building's electrical and mechanical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems. As such, a BMS may also include a variety of devices (e.g., HVAC devices, controllers, chillers, fans, sensors, lighting controllers, lighting fixtures etc.) configured to facilitate monitoring and controlling the building space. Throughout this disclosure, such devices are referred to as BMS devices or building equipment.

Typically, even though the building controllers, input-output devices, and various switching equipment communicate via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus etc. the programming language for each such device is proprietary to the specific manufacturer. The sequences of operation for each system are manually programmed into each controller and then “released” to automatically control their related systems.

SUMMARY

A hierarchical resource management system for a building, that has a plurality of zones each with a corresponding resource arranged to alter an environment of the zone, includes one or more processors. The processors implement a plurality of agents that each monitor sensed values describing conditions of one of the zones, generate operating scenarios based on the sensed values for the resource corresponding to the one of the zones, and operate the resource according to a commanded one of the operating scenarios. Each of the operating scenarios describe an array of set point values for the resource and correspond to an energy consumption of the resource. The processors also implement a coordinator that, responsive to receipt of the operating scenarios from each of the agents, filters the operating scenarios to remove the operating scenarios that violate internal laws of the agents to form an aggregate validated set of operating scenarios. The processors further implement a central brain that, responsive to receipt of target conditions for the zones and the aggregate validated set of operating scenarios from the coordinator, selects a combination of the operating scenarios from the aggregate validated set of operating scenarios that achieves the target conditions and minimizes overall energy consumption by the resources such that some of the operating scenarios of the combination do not minimize energy consumption of the resources corresponding to the some of the operating scenarios, and directs the coordinator to command operation of the resources according to the combination of the operating scenarios.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the communication architecture between SMITHGROUP-AI and various system coordinators.

FIG. 2 shows the internal structure of SMITHGROUP-AI and its related environment.

FIG. 3 shows the internal structure of the zone agent and its related environment.

FIG. 4 shows the communication architecture between the various agents and coordinators.

FIG. 5 shows the internal structure of the power and lighting system coordinator and its related environment.

FIG. 6 shows the internal structure of the panelboard agent and its related environment.

FIG. 7 shows the internal structure of the renewable energy agent and its related environment.

FIG. 8 shows an airside system as having one air handling unit delivering a mixture of outside air and return air to five zones.

FIG. 9 shows the communication architecture between the various airside system agents.

FIG. 10 shows the internal structure of the AHU system coordinator and its related environment.

FIG. 11 shows the internal structure of the AHU agent and its related environment.

FIG. 12 shows the heating plant providing heating hot water to one air handling unit and seven thermal zones.

FIG. 13 shows the communication architecture between the various hot water system agents.

FIG. 14 shows the internal structure of the hot water system (HWS) coordinator and its environment.

FIG. 15 shows the internal structure of the heating plant agent and its related environment.

FIG. 16 shows a chilled water system including four chilled water pumps, pumped in parallel, one waterside economizer heat exchanger, and three chillers.

FIG. 17 shows the communication architecture between the various chilled water system agents.

FIG. 18 shows the internal structure of the chilled water system coordinator and its related environment.

FIG. 19 shows the internal structure of the chilled water plant agent and its related environment.

FIG. 20 shows a condenser water system including four condenser water pumps and three cooling towers, each with two cells.

FIG. 21 shows the communication architecture between the various condenser water system agents.

FIG. 22 shows the internal structure of the condenser water system coordinator and its related environment.

FIG. 23 shows the internal structure of the condenser water plant agent and its related environment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein. However, the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary and other embodiments may take various and alternative forms that are not explicitly illustrated or described. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one of ordinary skill in the art to variously employ the present invention. As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, various features illustrated and described with reference to any one of the figures may be combined with features illustrated in one or more other figures to produce embodiments that are not explicitly illustrated or described. The combinations of features illustrated provide representative embodiments for typical applications. However, various combinations and modifications of the features consistent.

A. Smithgroup-AI

1. General Description

SMITHGROUP-AI (supervisor) is an independent, multifunctional software agent responsible for the monitoring and control of all agents that control all building systems. Its main goal is to direct the agents to operate at conditions that result in the lowest possible building energy consumption levels and building energy cost levels. This is achieved by analyzing all possible combinations and associated laws between the various system coordinator scenarios, and then directing each system coordinator to implement a scenario that will result in the lowest possible building energy consumption levels. It is not required nor assumed that SMITHGROUP-AI selects the most energy efficient scenario from each system coordinator. Some system coordinator scenarios selected to be implemented by SMITHGROUP-AI might not be the most energy cost efficient for that system; however, when analyzed from an overall building energy consumption or energy cost level, those scenarios are collectively the most energy efficient. Further, SMITHGROUP-AI using various known machine learning algorithms may predict the overall building energy consumption and energy cost levels for the following hour, day, week, month and year.

FIG. 1 shows the communication architecture between SMITHGROUP-AI 10 and the various system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22.

2. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 2, the internal structure of SMITHGROUP-AI 10 and its related environment is shown. The environment for SMITHGROUP-AI 10 is comprised of all system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 that it monitors and controls.

SMITHGROUP-AI 10 is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic. The data filtering module 24 is responsible for separating the data received from the various coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22. For example, the actual building energy consumption and energy cost levels may be sent to the system feedback module 26, while energy consumption predictions and associated scenarios from the system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 will be sent to the system analysis and control module 28.

The system feedback module 26 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system coordinators 12, 14,         16, 18, 20, 22; the information may represent status (e.g.         failed, maintenance), or actual agent energy consumption and         energy cost levels. A failed status may indicate that a system         coordinator may no longer control its environment and should be         excluded from the overall building energy consumption and energy         cost level predictions that the machine learning module 30 is         making A maintenance status may indicate that a system         coordinator has entered or may enter a maintenance mode and that         the machine learning module 30 needs to update its predictions         accordingly. The information may also represent predictions         related to the energy consumption levels of each agent.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the total building energy         consumption and energy cost levels; the actual energy         consumption levels from the various agents will be compared         against their own predictions and also against the predictions         made by the machine learning module 30. Any large discrepancies         between the predicted and actual energy consumption and energy         cost levels could mean that the associated scenarios that         SMITHGROUP-AI 10 has directed the system coordinators 12, 14,         16, 18, 20, 22 to execute are no longer valid. This could also         indicate that, due to various events (e.g. equipment failures,         sensor failures etc.) some agents within the system may conflict         with their own internal laws. Further, this could also indicate         that the difference in the error or accuracy of the predictions         made by the machine learning module 30 or by each system         coordinator 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and the actual outcome might         have exceeded critical limits, which in turn has affected the         overall energy consumption and energy cost levels of the         building. The system feedback module 26 may then send the actual         energy consumption and energy cost levels to the machine         learning module 30 such that the machine learning module 30 can         update its internal learning algorithms.     -   An internal law for an agent may be one (or both) of the         following (i) a physical property (e.g. maximum air flow through         a fan, maximum water flow through a pump) of a system that the         agent is controlling and/or responsible for, (ii) a software or         hardware (e.g. computing power) limitation of the agent; e.g. a         coordinator may ask an agent to provide predictions for a         significantly large (and maybe unrealistic) number of scenarios         within a limited/short amount of time. This request may impede         the agent's ability to control the system that it serves. Agents         may report their internal laws to their coordinators such that         the coordinators can determine whether certain scenarios         generated by one agent violates the internal laws of another         agent, etc.     -   Receiving requests from the HUMAN INTERVENTION Application         Programming Interface (API) 32. For example, the system feedback         module 26 may receive a request to simulate what will the total         building energy cost (e.g. natural gas or electricity) be if the         cost of electricity will increase by 20% starting two months         from the current date. The system feedback module 26 will then         send this scenario to the machine learning module 30, which in         turn may use its own internal algorithms to make predictions         regarding the total building energy costs; the machine learning         module 30 will then send these predictions back to the system         feedback module 26, which in turn will send them to the HUMAN         INTERFACE API 32. The machine learning module 30 may also         determine that, to make the requested predictions, it needs         inputs (e.g. energy consumption predictions) from the various         system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22; as such, it may ask         the system analysis and control module 28 to direct the various         system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to make the         associated predictions and send them back to SMITHGROUP-AI 10 to         be processed and analyzed. Further, the system feedback module         26 may receive a request to simulate what will happen (e.g. what         systems are affected and by what degree) if a major piece of         equipment (e.g. chiller, boiler) will fail at a certain moment         in time. The system feedback module 26 and the machine learning         module 30 will then follow a process as described in the         previous example.     -   Receiving commands from the HUMAN INTERVENTION API 32. For         example, the system feedback module 26 may receive a command to         run the entire chilled water plant at 50% capacity or to put a         certain piece of equipment (e.g. chiller, boiler, AHU, etc.) in         maintenance mode. The system feedback module 26 will then send         this command to the system analysis and control module 28 to be         analyzed. Before executing the command, the system analysis and         control module 28 will direct the system coordinators 12, 14,         16, 18, 20, 22 to simulate what will be the outcomes (e.g.         unable to maintain zone temperatures, warmer chilled water         temperature, colder hot water temperature, etc.) associated with         the command. The System Analysis and Control module 28 will then         send these outcomes to the System Feedback module 26, which in         turn will send them back to the HUMAN INTERVENTION API 32 for         confirmation. Once it receives confirmation from the HUMAN         INTERVENTION API 32, via the system feedback module 26, the         system analysis and control module 28 will then direct the         system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to execute the         command.

The machine learning module 30 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 26.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 26.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 28. This information may represent prediction scenarios         from system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 regarding energy         consumption levels associated with each system.     -   receiving prediction requests from the system analysis and         control module 28. For example, the system analysis and control         module 28, after it analyzed and established what combination of         system coordinator scenarios will need to be executed, may send         these scenarios to the machine learning module 30. The machine         learning module 30, using machine learning algorithms and         historical data, may predict that the combination of system         coordinator scenarios selected by the system analysis and         control module 28 will not result in the lowest possible energy         consumption and energy cost levels for the entire building. The         machine learning module 30 will then send this output to the         system analysis and control module 28 for analysis.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         28, for the overall building energy consumption or energy cost         levels. In addition, the machine learning module 30 may also         make predictions related to the peak electricity demand for the         entire building. For example, by analyzing the electricity peak         demand charge rate schedule from the utility provider, and with         input from the system analysis and control module 28, the         machine learning module 30 may predict that, at a certain time         in the day, the facility peak electricity demand may exceed a         value after which the facility will incur significant         surcharges. The machine learning module 30 may then send this         prediction to the system analysis and control module 28, which         in turn may direct the system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,         22 to analyze various scenarios for their related systems and         agents to minimize the overall peak facility electricity demand         at that time in the day. The systems coordinators 12, 14, 16,         18, 20, 22 will then send back their associated predictions,         together with any system constraints or laws that they might not         be able to meet should they be directed to implement the         associated scenarios. For example, AHU-1 system coordinator 20         may determine that, to reduce the energy consumption of the AHU         fans, some zones, based on their importance factor, may have to         have their temperature setpoints increased or decreased. (zone         and system are sometimes used interchangeably herein.) This         approach could put a zone agent in conflict with its own         internal laws. The system analysis and control module 28 will         then analyze the predicted scenarios received from the AHU-1         system coordinator 20 and it may decide to direct the system         coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to execute the scenarios         associated with the combination that result in a peak facility         electricity demand lower than the critical value, even though         this command may put various agents in conflict with their own         internal laws.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 28 and to the scenario generator module 34.

The system analysis and control module 28 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all system coordinators 12, 14, 16,         18, 20, 22.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 24. The         type of information that this module will collect is described         under the data filtering module 24. The system analysis and         control module 28 may then analyze all possible system         coordinator scenario combinations and select the combination         that will result in the lowest possible building energy         consumption or energy cost levels. After establishing the         combination that will result in the lowest possible building         energy consumption or energy cost levels, the system analysis         and control module 28 may direct the system coordinators 12, 14,         16, 18, 20, 22 to execute the scenarios associated with that         specific combination.     -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 26.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 26.     -   Receiving predictions made by the machine learning module 30.         The type of predictions that the machine learning module 30 may         send to the system analysis and control module 28 is described         in the machine learning module 30 section above. Based on the         input (e.g. equipment failures, unoccupied zones previously         predicted to be occupied zones, etc.) provided by the system         coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, the system analysis and         control module 28 may decide to override the predictions made by         the machine learning module 30 and direct the system         coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to implement the combination         of scenarios previously established. The system analysis and         control module 28 may also decide to direct the system         coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to update their predictions         and send them back to SMITHGROUP-AI 10 for analysis.

The scenario generator module 34 is responsible for continuously looking for ways to improve the overall energy or energy cost performance of the building. For example, the scenario generator module 34 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 28 to analyze and validate; the system analysis and control module 28 may ask the system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to make predictions on the scenarios generated by the scenario generator module 34. Once the associated system coordinator predictions are received and validated, the system analysis and control module 28 will establish which combinations of scenarios may result in the lowest energy consumption or energy cost level. The system analysis and control module 28 will then send these combinations to the machine learning module 30 to make predictions, as previously described, or it may send them back to the scenario generator module 34 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions made by the machine learning module 30 or the system coordinator combination scenarios received from the system analysis and control module 28, the scenario generator module 34 may decide to direct the system analysis and control module 28 to implement a specific combination of system coordinator scenarios. The system analysis and control module 28 will then direct the system coordinators 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 to execute the scenarios associated with that specific combination.

The scenario generator module 34 may create scenarios by modelling zone agents under different conditions (e.g. various zone temperature setpoints, various supply airflow setpoints and associated temperature, various lighting loads, various plug loads, etc.), by modelling AHUs as delivering various airflows at various temperatures, by modelling the chilled water plant as delivering various chilled water temperatures and various associated chilled water flows, by modelling the condenser water plant as delivering various condenser water temperatures and condenser water flows, or by modeling the hot water plant as delivering various hot water temperatures and associated water flows, etc.

B. Zone Agent

1. General Description

The zone agent is an independent, multifunctional software agent responsible for management of zones throughout the building. A “zone” can be comprised of one or more rooms, one or more lighting control zones, one or more receptacle control zones, and one or more heating/cooling terminal units. The functions and responsibilities of the zone agent include but are not limited to:

-   -   Prediction of current and future heating and cooling loads.     -   Measurement of current occupancy and prediction of future         occupancy.     -   Prediction of terminal unit reheat coil performance under         various combinations of entering air temperature, entering water         temperature, etc.     -   Prediction of terminal unit cooling coil performance under         various combinations of entering air temperature, entering water         temperature, etc.     -   Prediction of terminal unit energy consumption under various         combinations of entering air temperature, entering water         temperatures, etc.     -   Modulation of terminal unit actuators to satisfy room heating         and cooling as directed by SMITHGROUP-AI 10.     -   Zone lighting control.     -   Zone receptacle control for switched receptacle circuits.     -   Monitoring of total zone power consumption.     -   Monitoring of zone receptacle power consumption and prediction         of future zone receptacle power consumption.     -   Operation of motorized shading.     -   Airflow/ventilation optimization.

2. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 3, the internal structure of the zone agent 36 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the zone agent 36 is comprised of the sensors 38, 40, 42, 44 within the zone, global sensors, weather data from an internet source (API) 46, 48, and effectors 50, 52, 54, 56 within the zone. The agent 36 is comprised of four modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic.

The system feedback module 58 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from all associated sensors 38, 40,         42, 44, data sources 46, 48, and effectors 50, 52, 54, 56; the         data received will be compared against the predictions made by         the machine learning module 60. Where appropriate, a time delay         will be implemented when comparing the measured data to         predictions; data will also be compared to historical data to         allow for the filtering of outlier data that may be caused by a         malfunctioning sensor or atypical temporary conditions. Once the         implementation of appropriate time delays and filtering is         complete, the system feedback module 58 will then send the         measured values to the machine learning module 60 such that the         machine learning module 60 can update its internal learning         algorithms.

The machine learning module 60 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 58.     -   Making predictions using machine learning algorithms.     -   Sending predictions to the system analysis and control module         62, and associated higher level coordinators where applicable.

The machine learning module 60 will contain numerous machine learning algorithms, including, but not limited to the following.

-   -   1. Current sensible heating/cooling load prediction algorithm.         This algorithm will predict the current sensible heating or         cooling load in Btu/hr for the zone. Data inputs used may         include, but not be limited to the following: zone temperature         setpoint, zone temperature, zone relative humidity setpoint,         zone relative humidity, daylighting, total lighting heat output,         outdoor air temperature, outdoor air dew point, outdoor air wind         speed, outdoor air wind direction, current motorized shade         position, current number of occupants, and current plug load.         Initially, a data set produced using a load simulation software         will be used to train a machine learning algorithm. This will be         referred to as a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation,         the agent 36 will build a new data set using real operational         data to train a new machine learning algorithm which will be         referred to as an “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to         train the operational algorithm will be zone temperature drift         after a specified period. The agent 36 will continue to use the         pre-trained algorithm until the operational algorithm has         achieved a specified level of accuracy—at which point the         transition will occur. If the operational algorithm data should         become inaccurate, the agent 36 will revert to the pre-trained         algorithm. For example, if SMITHGROUP-AI 10 is implemented         during a period of warm weather, the operational algorithm may         become accurate enough to take over from the pre-trained         algorithm within one to two months. However, the temperature may         drop after several months at which point the algorithm may         become inaccurate due to not having accrued enough training data         for periods of cold weather. Should this occur, the agent 36 may         revert to using the pre-trained algorithm, until such a time         that the operational algorithm has built up enough training data         and achieved the specified level of accuracy. Note that the data         sets for the pre-trained algorithm, and operational algorithm         will never be mixed—this transition type will be referred to as         a “hand-off transition.”     -   2. Current latent dehumidification/humidification load         prediction algorithm: this algorithm will predict the current         latent dehumidification/humidification load in Btu/hr for the         zone. Data inputs used may include, but not be limited to the         following: zone relative humidity setpoint, zone relative         humidity, outdoor air dew point, outdoor air wind speed, outdoor         air wind direction, current number of occupants, and current         plug load. Initially, a data set produced using load simulation         software will be used to train a machine learning algorithm.         This will be referred to as a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon         implementation, the agent 36 will build a new data set using         real operational data to train a new machine learning algorithm         that will be referred to as the “operational algorithm.” The         feedback used to train the operational algorithm will be zone         relative humidity drift after a period of time. The transition         from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational algorithm         shall be a hand-off transition. Refer to machine learning         algorithm one for additional information.     -   3. Future sensible heating/cooling load prediction algorithm.         This algorithm will predict future sensible heating/cooling load         in Btu/hr for the zone. Data inputs used may include, but not be         limited to the following: predicted zone temperature setpoint,         predicted number of occupants, predicted total lighting heat         output, predicted plug load, future outdoor air temperature (via         API), future outdoor air wind speed (via API), future outdoor         air wind direction (via API), future solar azimuth (via API),         future solar altitude (via API), future cloud cover (via API),         and predicted motorized shade position. Initially, a data set         produced using load simulation software will be used to train a         machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36 will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm which will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual cooling load. This         process represents an indirect feedback loop in which each         prediction the algorithm makes will not necessarily receive         feedback. For example, if the operational algorithm predicts         that a zone cooling load will be 10,000 Btu/hr in five hours         based on the forecasted weather data in which total cloud cover         is expected, but in five hours' time, the cloud cover is         minimal, the prediction will be inaccurate. However, the cause         of the inaccuracy was the uncertainty of the weather forecast         rather than an issue with the algorithm. For this reason, the         algorithm will monitor real time cooling load and the data         inputs described above that occur simultaneous to the real time         cooling load to build the data set. The transition from the         pre-trained algorithm to the operational algorithm will be a         hand-off transition. Refer to machine learning algorithm one for         additional information.     -   4. Future latent dehumidification/humidification load prediction         algorithm. This algorithm will predict the future latent         dehumidification/humidification load in Btu/hr for the zone.         Data inputs used may include, but not be limited to the         following: predicted zone relative humidity setpoint, predicted         number of occupants, future outdoor air dew point (via API),         future outdoor air wind speed (via API), future outdoor air wind         direction, and predicted plug load. Initially, a data set         produced using load simulation software will be used to train a         machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36 will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual latent         dehumidification/humidification load. This process represents an         indirect feedback loop. Refer to machine learning algorithm         three for additional information on feedback. The transition         from pre-trained algorithm to the operational algorithm will be         a hand-off transition. Refer to machine learning algorithm one         for additional information.     -   5. Future temperature setpoint prediction algorithm. This         algorithm will predict the future temperature setpoint for any         given time. Data inputs used may include, but not be limited to         the following: day of the week, day type (holiday/non-holiday),         and time. Initially, a setpoint schedule will be produced to         train a machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as         a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36         will build a new data set using real operational data to train a         new machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be actual setpoint data. A complete         transition from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational         algorithm will take place after a specified period. Both the         pre-trained and operational algorithm may be overridden by user         intervention or in coordination with a room scheduling platform.     -   6. Future relative humidity setpoint prediction algorithm. This         algorithm will predict the future relative humidity setpoint for         any given time. Data inputs used may include, but not be limited         to the following: day of the week, day type (e.g.         holiday/non-holiday), and time. Initially, a setpoint schedule         will be produced to train a machine learning algorithm. This         will be referred to as a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon         implementation, the agent will build a new data set using real         operational data to train a new machine learning algorithm that         will be referred to as the “operational algorithm.” The feedback         used to train the operational algorithm will be actual setpoint         data. A complete transition from the pre-trained algorithm to         the operational algorithm will take place after a specified         period. Both the pre-trained and operational algorithm may be         overridden by user intervention or in coordination with a room         scheduling platform.     -   7. Predicted number of occupants algorithm. This algorithm will         predict the future number of occupants for any given time. Data         inputs used may include, but not be limited to the following:         day of the week, day type (e.g. holiday/non-holiday), and time.         Initially, a setpoint schedule will be produced to train a         machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36 will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be actual number of occupants as         sensed by a people counter or as calculated using room CO₂         levels. A complete transition from the pre-trained algorithm to         the operational algorithm will take place after a specified         period. Both the pre-trained and operational algorithm may be         overridden by user intervention or in coordination with a room         scheduling platform.     -   8. Predicted plug load. This algorithm will predict the future         plug load for any given time. Data inputs used may include, but         not be limited to the following: day of the week, day type (e.g.         holiday/non-holiday), predicted number of occupants, and time.         Initially, a setpoint schedule will be produced to train a         machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36 will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual plug load as sensed by         the meter on the associated receptacle circuit. The transition         from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational algorithm will         be a hand-off transition. Refer to machine learning algorithm         one for additional information.     -   9. Future perimeter zone lighting control signal. This algorithm         will predict the future lighting control signal for the exterior         lighting control zone within a zone for any given time. Data         inputs used may include, but not be limited to the following:         predicted number of occupants, future solar azimuth, future         solar altitude, future cloud cover, and future motorized shade         position. Each lighting circuit will be sub metered. Upon         building start up, the scenario generator module 64 in         combination with the system analysis and control module 62 will         turn off all but one lighting zone at a time and modulate from         minimum to maximum a lighting control signal while the system         feedback module 58 records the metered wattage associated with         each lighting control signal. Therefore, the predicted perimeter         zone lighting control signal can be used to predict exterior         zone lighting heat output in Btu/hr. The process described above         also applies to the middle, and interior lighting control zones.     -   10. Future middle zone lighting control signal. This algorithm         will predict the future lighting control signal for the middle         lighting control zone within a zone for any given time. Refer to         machine learning algorithm nine for additional information.     -   11. Future interior zone lighting control signal. This algorithm         will predict the future lighting control signal for the interior         lighting control zone within a zone for any given time. Refer to         machine learning algorithm nine for additional information.     -   12. Future total lighting heat output: this algorithm will         predict the total lighting heat output for any given time. Data         inputs may include but not be limited to the following: future         perimeter zone lighting control signal, future middle zone         lighting control signal, interior zone lighting control signal.         Initially, a data set produced using load simulation software         will be produced to train a machine learning algorithm. This         will be referred to as a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon         implementation, the agent 36 will build a new data set using         real operational data to train a new machine learning algorithm         that will be referred to as the “operational algorithm.” The         feedback used to train the operational algorithm will be the         actual lighting control signals. This process represents an         indirect feedback loop. Refer to machine learning algorithm         three for additional information on feedback. The transition         from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational algorithm will         be a hand-off transition. Refer to machine learning algorithm         one for additional information.     -   13. Predicted change in temperature rate. This algorithm will         predict the rate at which the temperature in the zone will         change. Data inputs used may include, but not be limited to         airflow (CFM), and a differential between predicted zone load         (Btu/hr) and the heating/cooling provided to the zone (Btu/hr).         Initially, a data set produced using mathematical formulas and         the volume of the space will be produced to train a machine         learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a “pre-trained         algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent will build a new data         set using real operational data to train a new machine learning         algorithm that will be referred to as the “operational         algorithm.” The feedback used to train the operational algorithm         will be the actual change in temperature rate. The scenario         generator module 64, in combination with the system analysis and         control module 62 will be responsible for changing the airflow         and Btu/hr offset to the space during unoccupied periods to         build the training set for the operational algorithm. The         transition from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational         algorithm will be a hand-off transition. Refer to machine         learning algorithm one for additional information.     -   14. Predicted change in relative humidity rate. This algorithm         will predict the rate at which the relative humidity in the zone         will change. Data inputs used may include, but not be limited to         airflow (CFM), and a differential between predicted zone load         (Btu/hr) and the dehumidification/humidification provided to the         zone (Btu/hr). Initially, a data set produced using mathematical         formulas and the volume of the space will be produced to train a         machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual change in relative         humidity rate. The scenario generator module 64, in combination         with the system analysis and control module 62 will be         responsible for changing the airflow and Btu/hr offset to the         space during unoccupied periods to build the training set for         the operational algorithm. The transition from pre-trained         algorithm to the operational algorithm will be a hand-off         transition. Refer to machine learning algorithm one for         additional information.     -   15. Hydronic coil characteristics. This algorithm will predict         the leaving water temperature, and flow rate. Data inputs used         may include, but not be limited to airflow, entering water         temperature, entering air temperature, and leaving air         temperature. Initially, a data set produced by mapping coil         characteristics using manufacturer's data will be used to train         a machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual leaving water         temperature and flow rate. The transition from the pre-trained         algorithm to the operational algorithm will be a hand-off         transition. Refer to machine learning algorithm one for         additional information.     -   16. Energy consumption. This algorithm will predict the terminal         unit energy consumption for various operating scenarios. Data         inputs used may include, but not be limited to the following:         primary airflow (CFM) and fan airflow (CFM). Initially, a data         set produced using manufacturer's data will be used to train a         machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual terminal unit energy         consumption. The transition from the pre-trained algorithm to         the operational algorithm will be a hand-off transition. Refer         to machine learning algorithm one for additional information.     -   17. Airflow algorithm. This algorithm will determine the amount         of airflow the zone will receive for each potential entering air         temperature. Data inputs used may include, but not be limited to         the following: zone heating/cooling load, zone         humidification/dehumidification load, entering air temperature,         entering air dew point, number of occupants, zone CO₂         concentration, zone VOC concentration, zone airborne particulate         concentration, and air handling unit system ventilation         efficiency. The algorithm will produce a single airflow value         for each potential entering air temperature. Initially, a data         set produced using load simulation software will be used to         train a machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as         a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36         will build a new data set using real operational data to train a         new machine learning algorithm that will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be zone relative humidity drift after         a period. The transition from the pre-trained algorithm to the         operational algorithm shall be a hand-off transition. Refer to         machine learning algorithm one for additional information. The         algorithm will be constrained by high and low limits—referred to         as laws which can be reset through user intervention or by         direction from SMITHGROUP-AI 10, the scenario generator module         64, and the system analysis and control module 62.     -   18. Predicted zone receptacle power consumption. This algorithm         will predict the total zone receptacle power consumption for any         given time. The purpose of this algorithm is to predict the         energy consumption of various equipment such as kitchen         appliances, computers, data servers, etc. Data inputs used may         include, but not be limited to the following: number of         occupants, time, day of week, and day type (e.g. holiday or         non-holiday). Initially, a data set produced using load         simulation software will be used to train a machine learning         algorithm. This will be referred to as a “pre-trained         algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36 will build a new         data set using real operational data to train a new machine         learning algorithm that will be referred to as the “operational         algorithm.” The feedback used to train the operational algorithm         will be actual zone receptacle power consumption as measured by         the meter on the associated receptacle circuit. The transition         from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational algorithm         shall be a hand-off transition. Refer to machine learning         algorithm one for additional information.         Various algorithms described above can be limited to a specific         range using lower, and higher limit laws.

The machine learning algorithm outputs will form a data set of potential operating scenarios which will be shared with the AHU system coordinators 20, 22, chilled water system coordinator 16, condenser water system coordinator 12, heating hot water system coordinator 18, and power system coordinator 14, where applicable. For example, if a zone agent 36 is responsible for the control of a chilled water fan coil unit, the zone agent 36 will send data sets to the appropriate one of the AHU system coordinators 20, 22, and chilled water system coordinator 16; if the zone agent 36 is responsible for the control of a VAV box with a heating hot water reheat coil, the zone agent 36 will send data to the appropriate one of the AHU system coordinators 20, 22 and the heating hot water system coordinator 18.

In addition to the algorithms described above, zones which feature frequent dry bulb temperature/dew point temperature setpoint changes will include the following algorithms. The algorithms below can be used in combination with scheduled/predicted future setpoints.

-   -   19. Temperature setpoint change. this algorithm will predict the         amount of time required to heat or cool a zone between two         temperature setpoints. Data inputs may include, but not be         limited to the following: initial setpoint, final setpoint,         airflow (CFM), current sensible heating/cooling load, future         sensible heating/cooling load, number of occupants, and         discharge air temperature. Initially, a data set produced using         mathematical formulas (e.g. HVAC formulas, differential         equations etc.) and the volume of the room will be used to train         a machine learning algorithm. This will be referred to as a         “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon implementation, the agent 36 will         build a new data set using real operational data to train a new         machine learning algorithm which will be referred to as the         “operational algorithm.” The feedback used to train the         operational algorithm will be the actual amount of time required         to heat or cool the zone from the initial or final temperature.         The scenario generator module 64, in combination with the system         analysis and control module 62 will be responsible for running         test scenarios where the temperature setpoint is changed during         unoccupied periods. The tests will be conducted using various         airflows and discharge air temperatures to build the operational         algorithm's data set. Once the operational algorithm is         implemented, the scenario generator module 64 in combination         with SMITHGROUP-AI 10 and the system analysis and control module         62 will calculate various scenarios for heating/cooling the room         from the initial to final setpoint and determine which method is         most economical. For example, consider a room scheduled or         predicted to be occupied from 8:00 am to 9:30 am with a setpoint         of 80° F., scheduled or predicted to be unoccupied from 9:30 am         to 10:00 am, and scheduled or predicted to be occupied from         10:00 am to 11:00 am with a setpoint of 60° F. Therefore, the         system will have 30 minutes to cool the room from 80° F. to         60° F. The scenario generator module 64 in combination with         SMITHGROUP-AI 10 and the system analysis and control module 62         will evaluate whether it is more economical to cool the room         slowly over a longer period of time (up to 30 minutes) or         quickly over a short period of time—and when that short period         of time should be—for example, if the cloud cover is expected to         clear at 9:45 am—thus increasing the cooling loads and energy         associated with meeting the loads—then it may be more energy or         energy cost efficient to cool the room quickly between 9:30 am         and 9:45 am, then maintain the temperature for the following 15         minutes. The transition from the pre-trained algorithm to the         operational algorithm shall be a hand-off transition. Refer to         machine learning algorithm one for additional information. The         strategies described above also apply to machine learning         algorithm twenty.     -   20. Dew point temperature setpoint change. This algorithm will         predict the amount of time required to heat or cool a zone         between two dew point temperature setpoints. Note that dew point         is used as opposed to relative humidity as the dew point         setpoint change will often coincide with a dry bulb temperature         change. Data inputs may include, but not be limited to the         following: initial setpoint, final setpoint, airflow (CFM),         current latent dehumidification/humidification load, future         latent dehumidification/humidification load, number of         occupants, and entering air dew point temperature. Initially, a         data set produced using mathematical formulas and the volume of         the room will be used to train a machine learning algorithm.         This will be referred to as a “pre-trained algorithm.” Upon         implementation, the agent 36 will build a new data set using         real operational data to train a new machine learning algorithm         which will be referred to as the “operational algorithm.” The         feedback used to train the operational algorithm will be the         actual amount of time required to humidity or dehumidify the         zone from the initial or final dew point temperature. Refer to         machine learning algorithm nineteen for additional information.         The transition from the pre-trained algorithm to the operational         algorithm shall be a hand-off transition. Refer to machine         learning algorithm one for additional information.

The system analysis and control module 62 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors 38, 40, 42, 44 and         actuators 50, 52, 54, 56 related to the zone agent 36.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 62 may determine that due         to a flex duct being kinked, higher end airflow values can no         longer be provided, and update the high limit airflow law for         the airflow algorithm.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 60 for predictions.     -   Sending commands to the various zone effectors 50, 52, 54, 56.         The commands could be valve position, lighting control signal,         damper position, or shade position.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 64. For example, if SMITHGROUP-AI 10 determines that the         zone in question is considered critical (e.g. is the zone         preventing the HVAC system from operating at a more energy         efficient condition), then the scenario generator 64 shall         create scenarios to be analyzed by the system analysis and         control module 62 such as relaxing the temperature or relative         humidity set point or lowering the motorized shades. The system         analysis and control module 62 shall evaluate the created         options and determine if they are acceptable based on the         current zone occupant number, and the zone importance factor: a         numerical value between 0-10 indicating how important space         temperature and lighting levels are. For zones with high         importance factors such as main conference rooms etc., the         system analysis and control module 62 may determine that certain         scenarios such as relaxing temperature setpoints are not         acceptable. If determined to be acceptable, the system analysis         and control module 62 will send the scenario to the machine         learning module 60 for predictions.

The scenario generator module 64 is responsible for receiving data from SMITHGROUP-AI 10, via its associated system coordinator, and generating new operating scenarios for the zone in response. For example, SMITHGROUP-AI 10 may determine that the zone is the most critical from a ventilation standpoint. In response, the scenario generator module 64 may request that the system analysis and control module 62 raise the airflow algorithm minimum airflow law to provide more airflow to the zone.

3. Sample Process

Refer to AHU system, chilled water system, and heating hot water system for examples of the data sets produced by the zone agent 36 and how they are used.

C. Power and Lighting Systems

1. General Description

Considering a power monitoring and controls system, the electricity consumption of each zone circuit within the lighting panelboard and within the power panelboard is monitored via a dedicated meter. Further, the power for each zone circuit within the lighting panelboard and within the power panelboard may be turned on and off via the dedicated circuit breaker. All sensors and actuators are connected directly to the network, without the use of proprietary controllers that operate with programmed sequences of operation. In some instances, an open source non-proprietary input/output module or a gateway may be required to convert the signal from a sensor or an actuator such that it can be communicated via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus, etc.

Considering a renewable energy power monitoring and controls system, the controls of the wind turbines and of the solar panels are done through the manufacturer provided proprietary control panels. The control panels are connected to the network through integration via open source non-proprietary input/output modules or gateways. In some instances, the sensors and actuator associated with the wind turbine controls systems and solar panel controls systems may be connected directly to the network thru non-proprietary input/output modules or gateways.

The control of the entire power system is performed through a series of independent software agents such as the power and lighting system coordinator 66, lighting and power panelboard agents 68, 70, utility agent 72, renewable energy agent 74, and zone agents 36′, 36″. The communication architecture between the various agents and coordinators is shown in FIG. 4.

2. Power and Lighting System Coordinator

a. Purpose

The power and lighting system coordinator 66 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all agents associated with the power and lighting control systems. Further, the power and lighting system coordinator 66 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of all building systems.     -   Prediction of the energy generation from the renewable systems.     -   Communication with SMITHGROUP-AI 10: sends overall power use and         power available predictions and receives commands from         SMITHGROUP-AI 10.     -   Communication with the panelboard agents 68, 70: requests power         use predictions and status from the panel agents 68, 70.     -   Communication with the renewable energy agent 74: request power         available predictions and status from the renewable energy agent         74.     -   Communication with the zone agents 36′, 36″: receives commands         and feedback from the zone agents 36′, 36″.     -   Communication with the utility agent 72: receives utility status         (e.g. loss of power).

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 5, the internal structure of the power and lighting system coordinator 66 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the lighting and power system coordinator 66 is comprised of all the agents that it monitors and controls. The agent is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic.

The data filtering module 76 is responsible for separating the data received from the various agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72, 74. For example, the actual agent power consumption levels will be sent to the system feedback module 78, while predictions from the agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72, 74 will be sent to the system analysis and control module 80.

The system feedback module 78 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the zone agents 36′, 36″,         panelboard agents 68, 70, utility agent 72, and renewable energy         agent 74; the information may represent status (e.g. failed,         maintenance) or predictions related to the energy that may be         generated by the renewable energy agent 74. A failed status may         indicate that an agent may no longer control its environment and         should be excluded from the overall power system predictions         that the machine learning module 82 is making. A maintenance         status may indicate that an agent has entered or may enter into         a maintenance mode and that the machine learning module 82 needs         to update its overall power system predictions accordingly.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the total power system         consumption. The actual meter data from the various agents 36′,         36″, 68, 70, 72, 74 will be compared against their own         predictions and against the predictions made by the machine         learning module 82. Any large discrepancies between the         predicted and actual power usage could mean that the previous         command that one of the zone agents 36′, 36″ or the renewable         energy agent 74 received from the power coordinator 66 has         placed one of the zone agents 36′, 36″ or the renewable energy         agent 74 in conflict with its own internal laws (e.g. not able         to meet the various power requirements). This could indicate         that the difference in the error or accuracy of the predictions         made by the machine learning module 82 and the actual outcome         might have exceeded critical limits, which in turn has affected         the overall performance of the renewable energy system. The         system feedback module 78 will then send the actual meter data         to the machine learning module 82 such that the machine learning         module 82 can update its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from SMITHGROUP-AI 10. The information         may represent commands that need to be distributed to the         various associated agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72, 74. The         information may also represent feedback regarding the         predictions that the lighting and power system coordinator 66         has made; for example, the predicted energy performance of the         scenario that SMITHGROUP-AI 10 has directed the lighting and         power system coordinator 66 to implement is significantly         different that the real outcome. As such the system feedback         module 78 will pass this feedback to the machine learning module         82 to update its machine learning algorithms accordingly such         that the accuracy or error of its predictions self-improve.     -   Collection of information from the utility agent 72. The         information may represent status of the available utility power.         For example, should the building experience a loss of power, the         lighting and power system coordinator 66 will need to notify         SMITHGROUP-AI 10 of such condition. SMITHGROUP-AI 10 may then         direct all system coordinators to operate under an emergency         power mode until the utility agent 72 notifies that utility         power is available.

The machine learning module 82 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 78.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 78.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 80. This information may represent predictions from the         various agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72, 74 regarding available         power or used power.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         80, for the overall energy consumption of the entire system or         for the total energy that the renewable power agent 74 may need         to deliver or can deliver.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 80 and to the scenario generator module 84.

The system analysis and control 80 module is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all the agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72,         74 associated with the power and lighting system coordinator 66.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 76. The         type of information that this module will collect is described         under the data filtering module 76.     -   Analyzing the data from each agent, and filtering and compiling         the data into valid system scenarios.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 82 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 82         and sending commands to the various agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72,         74. The commands that the system analysis and control module 80         may send to the agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72, 74 could be battery         storage setpoints, energy use setpoints, requests for         predictions, or switching on and off various circuits within the         lighting and power panelboards 68, 70.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 84. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 80 may decide to direct the various agents 36′,         36″, 68, 70, 72, 74 to make predictions and then compile these         predictions into valid system scenarios for the machine learning         module 82 to make predictions on.

The scenario generator module 84 is responsible for continuously looking for ways to improve the overall energy performance of the entire power distribution system. For example, the scenario generator module 84 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 80 to analyze and validate; the system analysis and control module 80 may ask the agents 36′, 36″, 68, 70, 72, 74 to make predictions on the scenarios. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 82 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 82 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 84 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 84 may decide to send such predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the power and lighting system coordinator 66 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 84.

The scenario generator module 84 may create scenarios by modelling the renewable energy agent 74 as delivering various power and by modelling the zone agents 36′, 36″ as satisfying their zone power conditions under various conditions.

3. Panelboard Agents

a. Purpose

A panelboard agent is an independent software agent that monitor and controls all sensors and actuators associated with a panelboard (e.g. lighting panelboard, power panelboard etc.). Each panelboard within the power distribution system is monitored and controlled by a dedicated panelboard agent 68, 70.

The panelboard agents 68, 70 are responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of each zone. The panelboard agents         68, 70 will communicate, via the power and lighting system         coordinator 66, with each zone such that its predictions are         coordinated and validated based on the specific zone data and         predictions.     -   Prediction of the energy use of the entire panelboard.     -   Communication with the power and lighting system coordinator 66.         Sends panelboard energy use predictions (for the entire         panelboard and for each zone) and receives commands from the         power and lighting system coordinator 66.

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 6, the internal structure of a panelboard agent 68 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the panelboard agent 68 is comprised of all the sensors 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and actuators 98, 100, 102, 104 that are located within a panelboard. In some instances, an open source non-proprietary input/output module or a gateway may be required to convert the signal from a sensor or an actuator such that it can be communicated via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus etc. The agent 68 is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic.

The data filtering module 106 is responsible for separating the data received from sensors 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and actuators 98, 100, 102, 104. For example, the actual energy consumption levels of each circuit may be sent to the system feedback module 108, while data (e.g. sensor or actuator status, etc.) will be sent to the system analysis and control module 110. Further, zone data (e.g. predictions) received from the power and lighting system coordinator 66 may be sent to the system analysis and control module 110. The data filtering module 106 may also send to the system analysis and control module 110 the same data that was sent to the system feedback module 108. A sensor within the panelboard may represent an electricity meter or a status signal from a circuit breaker. An actuator within the panelboard may represent a circuit breaker that can be commanded on or off.

The system feedback module 108 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the various sensors 86, 88, 90,         92, 94, 96 and actuators 98, 100, 102, 104. The type of         information that the system feedback module 108 may collect is         described in the data filtering module 106.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the energy level consumption         levels for each zone. The data received from the various sensors         86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and actuators 98, 100, 102, 104 will be         compared against the predictions made by the machine learning         module 112. Any large discrepancies between the predicted and         measured values could mean that the previous commands could         indicate that the difference in the error or accuracy of the         predictions made by the machine learning module 112 and the         actual outcome might have exceeded critical limits, which in         turn has affected the performance of the power system. The         system feedback module 108 will then send the measured values to         the machine learning module 112 such that the machine learning         module 112 can update its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from the power and lighting system         coordinator 66. The information may represent feedback regarding         the predictions that the panelboard agent 68 has made.

The machine learning module 112 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 108.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 108.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 110. This information may represent data from the various         sensors 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and actuators 98, 100, 102, 104,         such as airflows and associated temperatures.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         110 or from the system feedback module 108.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 110 and to the scenario generator module 114.

The system analysis and control module 110 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and         actuators 98, 100, 102, 104 related to the panelboard. control         of actuators 98, 100, 102, 104 may represent switching on and         off a circuit breaker, and thus power, associated with a         specific zone agent. For example, a zone agent may predict that         the power to the “switched” receptacles can be turned off at a         specific time. The zone agent may communicate this event to the         power and lighting system coordinator 66, which in turn may         direct the panelboard agent 68 to switch off the associated         circuit breaker.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 106.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 106.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 110 may determine that a         zone is consuming significantly more energy than what was         predicted (by both the machine learning module of the zone agent         and by the machine learning module 112 of the panelboard agent         68). As such, the system analysis and control module 110 may ask         that specific zone agent, via the power and lighting system         coordinator 66, to verify the accuracy of its sensors and         predictions.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 114. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 110 will analyze the status of the sensors 86,         88, 90, 92, 94, 96 and actuators 98, 100, 102, 104 and will         determine which scenario is valid. For example, one of the         scenarios that the scenario generator module 114 may generate         will require some of the zones to consume 15% less energy than         usual. the system analysis and control module 110 may determine,         after communication with the associated zone agents (via the         power and lighting system coordinator 66), that such scenario is         no longer valid and that the machine learning module 112 will         not make a prediction on the referenced scenario.

The scenario generator module 114 is responsible for continuously looking for ways/scenarios to improve the overall energy performance of the power systems associated with it. For example, the scenario generator module 114 may create a series of scenarios that will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 110 to analyze and validate. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the various zone agents (for analysis and predictions), via the power and lighting system coordinator 66, or to the machine learning module 112 to make its own predictions. The predictions made by the machine learning module 112 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 114 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 114 may decide to send such predictions to the power and lighting system coordinator 66, which may send them to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the power and lighting system coordinator 66 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 66.

The scenario generator module 114 may create scenarios by turning on and off various receptacle, lighting, and equipment circuits at a certain time. Each such scenario will have an impact on the energy performance of the power system and on the heating and cooling loads within a zone.

4. Renewable Energy Agent

a. Purpose

The renewable energy agent 74 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all renewable energy systems connected to the power distribution system. The control of wind turbines and solar panels, for example, is done through the manufacturer provided proprietary control panels. The control panels are connected to the network thru integration via open source non-proprietary input/output modules or gateways. In some instances, the sensors and actuator associated with the wind turbine control systems and solar panel control systems may be connected directly to the network through non-proprietary input/output modules or gateways.

The sensors that the renewable energy agent 74 may monitor are battery levels, status of solar panels, status of windmills, weather data, etc. The actuators that the renewable energy agent 74 may control are turning on/off the renewable energy systems, various circuit breakers located in the distribution panel, etc.

The renewable energy agent 74 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy generation from the renewable systems.     -   Communication with the power and lighting system coordinator 66.         it sends energy generation predictions and receives commands         from the power and lighting system coordinator 66.

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 7, the internal structure of the renewable energy agent 74 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the renewable energy agent 74 is comprised of all the sensors 116, 118, 120, 122, actuators 124, 126, 128, 130, and renewable energy systems. The agent 74 is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and control logic.

The data filtering module 132 is responsible for separating the data received from sensors 116, 118, 120, 122 and actuators 124, 126, 128, 130. For example, the amount of stored or generated data will be sent to the system feedback module 134, while data from other various sensors (e.g. alarms, battery levels etc.) will be sent to the system analysis and control module 136. The data filtering module 132 may also send to the system analysis and control module 136 the same data that was sent to the system feedback module 134.

The system feedback module 134 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the various sensors 116, 118,         120, 122 and actuators 124, 126, 128, 130. The type of         information that the system feedback module 134 may collect is         described in the data filtering module 132.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the energy generated or         stored. The data received from the various sensors 116, 118,         120, 122 and actuators 124, 126, 128, 130 will be compared         against the predictions made by the machine learning module 138.         Any large discrepancies between the predicted and measured         values could mean that the previous commands could indicate that         the difference in the error or accuracy of the predictions made         by the machine learning module 138 and the actual outcome might         have exceeded critical limits, which in turn has affected the         overall energy and energy performance of the renewable energy         system. The system feedback module 134 will then send the         measured values to the machine learning module 138 such that the         machine learning module 138 can update its internal learning         algorithms.     -   Collection of information from the power and lighting system         coordinator 66. The information may represent feedback regarding         the predictions that the renewable energy agent 74 has made or         regarding the commands that the power and lighting system         coordinator 66 might have previously sent. For example, the         machine learning module 138 might have predicted that a certain         amount of renewable energy will be available for use by the         power systems. However, the actual amount of generated energy is         greater than what was predicted. Once it detects this         difference, the power and lighting system coordinator 66 may         command the renewable energy agent 74 to improve its internal         learning algorithms such that the error of its predictions is         minimized to the greatest extent possible.

The machine learning module 138 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 134.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 134.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 136. This information may represent data from the various         sensors 116, 118, 120, 122 and actuators 124, 126, 128, 130.     -   Making predictions, based on the data received from the system         analysis and control module 136 or from the system feedback         module 134. For example, the machine learning module 138, using         weather data and data from the renewable energy systems (e.g.         generation capacity, storage capacity, etc.) may be able to         predict the rate at which energy will be generated or stored by         the renewable energy systems. Further, the machine learning         module 138 may predict how much energy will be generated in the         next hour, next day, week or month.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 136 and to the scenario generator module 140.

The system analysis and control module 136 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors 116, 118, 120, 122 and         actuators 124, 126, 128, 130 related to the renewable energy         systems.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 132.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 132.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 136 may determine that a         solar panel or an array of solar panels is no longer capable of         functioning as required. As such, the system analysis and         control module 136 may need to send this feedback to the machine         learning module 138 for predictions.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 140. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 136 will analyze the status of the sensors and         actuators and will determine which scenario is valid. For         example, one of the scenarios that the scenario generator module         140 may generate is to predict how much energy the renewable         systems can generate if there are clear sky conditions and if         90% of the solar panels are not available for use. The system         analysis and control module 136 may determine that, due to         additional solar panel failures, such scenario is no longer         valid and that the machine learning module 138 will not make a         prediction on the referenced scenario.

The scenario generator module 140 is responsible for continuously looking for ways/scenarios to improve the overall energy performance renewable energy systems. For example, the scenario generator module 140 may create a series of scenarios that will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 136 to analyze and validate. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 138 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 138 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 140 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 140 may decide to send such predictions to the power and lighting system coordinator 66, which may send them to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the power and lighting system coordinator 66 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 140.

The scenario generator module 140 may create scenarios by simulating the amount of energy generated or stored by the renewable energy system, by simulating the demand that the power system is exercising on the renewable energy system, by simulating various outdoor conditions (e.g. cloudy sky, wind speeds, etc.), by simulating various rates of energy generation (e.g. how much kWh are being generated in the next 3 hours), or by simulating various system settings (e.g. angle and direction of the solar panels, direction of the windmill.)

5. Utility Agent

The utility agent's sole responsibility is to monitor the status of the utility power (e.g. loss of power) or receive information from the utility company to enter into demand response mode and notify the power and lighting system coordinator 66 of such events.

D. AHU System

1. General Description

Referring to FIG. 8, an airside system is shown as having one air handling unit 142 delivering a mixture of outside air and return air to five zones 144, 146, 148, 150, 152. The control of the entire airside system is performed through a series of independent software agents such as the AHU system coordinator 20, AHU agent 154, and zone agents 156, 158, 160, 162, 164.

FIG. 9 shows the communication architecture between the various airside system agents. Considering the network architecture of the sensors and actuators associated with an AHU, all sensors and actuators are connected directly to the network, without the use of proprietary controllers that operate with programmed sequences of operation. In some instances, an open source non-proprietary input/output module or a gateway may be required to convert the signal from a sensor or an actuator such that it can be communicated via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus etc.

2. AHU System Coordinator

a. Purpose

The AHU system coordinator 20 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all agents 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 associated with its respective airside system. Further, the AHU system coordinator 20 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of the entire airside system.     -   Communication with SMITHGROUP-AI 10. It sends overall airside         system energy use predictions and receives commands from         SMITHGROUP-AI 10.     -   Communication with the AHU agent 154. it requests energy         consumption predictions and status from the ahu agent 154 and         sends predictions (e.g. total system supply airflow, total         system return air flow, total system outside airflow) such that         the AHU agent 154 can make associated predictions related to the         energy performance of the AHU 142.     -   Communication with the hot water system coordinator 18 and the         chilled water system coordinator 16. The type of information         that the AHU system coordinator 20 communicates to the hot water         system coordinator 18 and the chilled water system coordinator         16 may represent cooling load and heating load predictions from         each zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 and AHU agent 154.

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 10, the internal structure of the AHU system coordinator 20 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the AHU system coordinator 20 is comprised of all the agents that it monitors and controls. The agent is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and control logic.

The data filtering module 166 is responsible for separating the data received from the various agents 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164. For example, the actual agent energy consumption levels or actual agent airflows will be sent to the system feedback module 168, while predictions from the agents 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 will be sent to the system analysis and control module 170.

The system feedback module 168 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the zone agents 156, 158, 160,         162, 164 and ahu agent 154. The information may represent status         (e.g. failed, maintenance), or actual agent energy consumptions         levels from the various agents. A failed status may indicate         that a zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 or an AHU agent 154 no         longer controls its environment and should be excluded from the         overall airside system predictions that the machine learning         module 172 is making. A maintenance status may indicate that a         zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 or an AHU agent 154 has         entered or may enter into a maintenance mode and that the         machine learning module 172 needs to update its overall airside         system predictions accordingly. The information may also         represent predictions related to the energy consumption levels         of each agent.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the total airside system         airflow. The actual airflows from the various agents 154, 156,         158, 160, 162, 164 will be compared against their own         predictions but also against the predictions made by the machine         learning module 172. Any large discrepancies between the         predicted and actual airflows could mean that the previous         command that a zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 or AHU agent         154 received from the AHU system coordinator 20 has placed a         zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 or AHU agent 154 in conflict         with its own internal laws (e.g. not able to meet the various         zone thermal requirements). This could indicate that the         difference in the error or accuracy of the predictions made by         the machine learning module 172 and the actual outcome might         have exceeded critical limits, which in turn has affected the         overall energy and thermal performance of the airside system.         The system feedback module 168 will then send the actual         airflows to the machine learning module 172 such that the         machine learning module 172 can update its internal learning         algorithms.     -   Collection of information from SMITHGROUP-AI 10: the information         may represent commands that need to be distributed to the         various associated zone agents 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 and         AHU agents 154. The information may also represent feedback         regarding the predictions that the AHU system coordinator 20 has         made; for example, the predicted energy performance of the         scenario that SMITHGROUP-AI 10 has directed the AHU system         coordinator 20 to implement is significantly different that the         real outcome. As such the system feedback module 168 will pass         this feedback to the machine learning module 172 to update its         machine learning algorithms accordingly such that the accuracy         or error of its predictions self-improves.

The machine learning module 172 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 168.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 168.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 170. This information may represent predictions from zone         agents 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 and AHU agent 154 regarding         airflows, temperature, cooling loads, heating loads, etc.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         170, for the overall energy consumption of the entire airside         system or for the total airflow that the AHU agent 154 will need         to deliver.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 170 and to the scenario generator module 174.

The system analysis and control module 170 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 166.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 166.     -   Analyzing the data from each agent, and filtering and compiling         the data into valid system scenarios. A more detailed         description of this process is presented in the sample process         paragraph.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 172 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 172         and sending commands to the various agents 154, 156, 158, 160,         162, 164. The commands that the system analysis and control         module 170 may send to the agents could be airflow setpoints,         temperature setpoints or requests for predictions.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 174. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 170 may decide to direct the various agents to         make predictions and then compile these predictions into valid         system scenarios for the machine learning module 172 to make         predictions on.

The scenario generator module 174 is responsible for continuously looking for ways to improve the overall energy performance of the entire airside system. For example, the scenario generator module 174 may create a series of scenarios that will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 170 to analyze and validate. The system analysis and control module 170 may ask the agents to make predictions on the scenarios. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 172 to make predictions on. the predictions made by the machine learning module 172 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 174 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 174 may decide to send such predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the AHU system coordinator 20 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 174.

The scenario generator module 174 may create scenarios by modelling the AHU agent 154 as delivering various airflows and various temperatures and by modelling the zone agents 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 as satisfying their zone thermal load conditions under various conditions.

c. Sample Process

Each zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 will send to the AHU system coordinator 20 a series of predictions and status information. The predictions that each zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 will send to the AHU system coordinator 20 are related to the airflow requirements and various temperatures that the zone agent could use to satisfy its zone requirements. Further, each zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 will send to the AHU system coordinator 20 the associated zone predictions for the hot water system coordinator 18 and for the chilled water system coordinator 16.

The system analysis and control module 170 will first compile all airside system related predictions from the zone agents 156, 158, 160, 162, 164. The system analysis and control module 170, based on the laws of each zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, will then eliminate any zone agent predictions that will make other zone agents incapable of meeting their internal laws. The system analysis and control module 170 will then compile and sort all valid predictions made by the zone agents 156, 158, 160, 162, 164. For example, as a first step, the system analysis and control module 170 may sort the predictions based on a common AHU discharge air temperature. In a second step, the system analysis and control module may then choose the lowest dew point temperature required by a zone agent 156, 158, 160, 162, 164. The system analysis and control module 170 will then establish a series of valid airside system scenarios. These scenarios will then be sent to the machine learning module 172 to make predictions regarding the total system supply airflow, return airflow return air temperature, and outside airflow. For example, by analyzing the various zone ventilation efficiencies and the outside air-dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, the machine learning module 172 may predict that an air side economizer (e.g. an artificial increase in outside air flow) is better suited than delivering the lowest required amount of outside air flow. The machine learning module 172 will send these predictions back to the system analysis and control module 170, which in turn will send them to the AHU agent 154 to make its own predictions regarding AHU energy consumption. Once it receives the predictions from the AHU agent 154, it will then send the overall airside system predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10 and the associated zone agent and AHU agent load predictions to the hot water system coordinator 18 and the chilled water system coordinator 16. The AHU system coordinator 20 will send to the hot water system coordinator 18 only the zone agent predicted heating loads that correspond to valid scenarios analyzed by the system analysis and control module 170. The AHU system coordinator 20 will send to the chilled water system coordinator 16 only the AHU agent predicted cooling loads that correspond to total system airflow predictions performed by the machine learning module 172.

In further detail, each zone agent creates a series of scenarios associated with the zone that it is serving and sends these scenarios to a system coordinator (e.g. AHU system coordinator 20). These scenarios are given a unique ID number (Table 1 below) based on a specific airflow supply air temperature (SAT) and a specific entering water temperature (EWT).

TABLE 1 Zone Agent 1 Predictions Zone Data Primary Temperature Coil Dew Point Zone Outdoor Energy Zone Zone Load Setpoint EAT DP Airflow Air Fraction Predictions Prediction ID Btu/Hr 0F 0F 0F CFM Zp kWh Agent_1-1 20000 72 50 48 1000 0.76 0.10 Agent_1-2 20000 72 51 49 1200 0.92 0.36 Agent_1-3 20000 72 52 50 1400 0.95 0.37 Agent_1-4 20000 72 53 51 1600 0.67 0.43 Agent_1-5 20000 72 54 52 1800 0.81 0.18 Agent_1-6 20000 72 55 53 2000 0.91 0.40 Agent_1-7 20000 72 56 54 2200 0.78 0.39 Agent_1-8 20000 72 57 55 2400 0.70 0.24 Agent_1-9 20000 72 58 56 2600 0.68 0.29 Agent_1-10 20000 72 59 57 2800 0.81 0.12

The AHU system coordinator 20 then filters/validates the scenarios received from the zone agents (Table 2 below). The validation process could be based on the physical limitation of the air handling unit. In some instances, even though a zone may be able to be cooled with a very cold air temperature (e.g. 50° F.), due the operating conditions at that time or physical limitations of the internal components of the air handling unit, the air handling unit may not be able to cool the air to 50° F. As such the AHU system coordinator 20 may label the associated scenarios as invalid (in bold below).

TABLE 2 Zone Agent 1 Predictions Primary Zone Data Outdoor Zone Zone Coil Dew Point Zone Air Energy Prediction Load Temperature EAT DP Airflow Fraction Prediction ID BTU/Hr Setpoint OF OF OF CFM Zp kWh Agent_1-1 2000 72 50 48 1000 .76 .10 Agent_1-2 2000 72 51 49 1200 .92 .36 Agent_1-3 2000 72 52 50 1400 .95 .37 Agent_1-4 2000 72 53 51 1600 .67 .43 Agent_1-5 2000 72 54 52 1800 .81 .18 Agent_1-6 2000 72 55 53 2000 .91 .40 Agent_1-7 2000 72 56 54 2200 .78 .39 Agent_1-8 2000 72 57 55 2400 .70 .24 Agent_1-9 2000 72 58 56 2600 .68 .29 Agent_1-10 2000 72 59 57 2800 .81 .12

The AHU system coordinator 20 will then start creating combinations of agent scenarios (Table 3 below). Each combination of scenarios is then given a unique ID number (e.g. AHU_1-1). For each combination of agent scenarios there is a corresponding set of air handling unit conditions that need to be achieved (e.g. total airflow, coil dew point, etc.).

TABLE 3 AHU-1 System Predictions Zone Predictions System Identification Data Primary Temperature Coil Dew Point Zone Outdoor Energy AHU System Zone Setpoint EAT DP Airflow Air Fraction Predictions Scenario ID Prediction ID 0F 0F 0F CFM Zp kWh AHU_1-1 Agent_1-3 72 52 50 1400 0.95 0.37 Agent_2-3 70 52 50 700 0.95 0.37 Agent_3-1 73 52 48 300 0.76 0.10 Agent_4-3 71 52 50 1200 0.95 0.37 Agent_5-3 75 52 50 1400 0.95 0.37 Totals 5000

The AHU system coordinator 20 will then send these combinations of agent scenarios (Table 4 below) to the AHU agent 154 to make predictions on the total system supply airflow, return airflow, and outside air flow.

TABLE 4 AHU-1 SYSTEM PREDICTIONS AHU SYSTEM SCENARIOS PREDICTIONS Total Total Total AHU Supply Air Dew Zone System System System System Temperature Point Supply Supply Return Return Air Outside Prediction SAT DP Airflow Airflow Airflow Temperature Airflow ID OF OF CFM CFM CFM OF CFM AHU_1-1 52 48 5000 5300 4900 71 1000 AHU_1-2 53 49 5700 5700 5000 73 2000 AHU_1-3 54 50 6400 6900 6000 75 3000 AHU_1-4 55 51 7100 7800 7000 74 4000

After receiving the predictions from the AHU agent 154, the AHU system coordinator 20 will then make predictions on the overall energy consumption levels for each combination of agent scenarios (Table 5 below) and will send these predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10.

TABLE 5 AHU-1 AGENT PREDICTIONS RECEIVED DATA AHU-1 SYSTEM SCENARIOS Total Total PREDICTION AHU Supply Air Dew System System System AHU-1 System Temperature Point Supply Return Return Air Outside Energy Prediction SAT DP Airflow Airflow Temperature Airflow Consumption ID OF OF CFM CFM OF CFM kWh AHU_1-1 52 48 5300 4900 71 1000 10 AHU_1-2 53 49 5700 5000 73 2000 15 AHU_1-3 54 50 6900 6000 75 3000 20 AHU_1-4 55 51 7800 7000 74 4000 25

3. AHU Agent

a. Purpose

The AHU agent 154 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all sensors and actuators associated with an AHU. Each AHU is controlled and monitored by a dedicated AHU agent. Further, the AHU agent 154 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of the entire airside system.     -   Prediction of the required heating coil loads and cooling coil         loads.     -   Prediction of the air pressure drop through each of the AHU         components.     -   Prediction of the supply fan array energy consumption.     -   Prediction of the return fan array energy consumption.     -   Communication with the AHU system coordinator 20. It sends         overall AHU energy use predictions and receives commands from         the AHU system coordinator 20.

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 11, the internal structure of the AHU agent 154 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the AHU agent 154 is comprised of the sensors 176, 178, 180, 182 and actuators 184, 186, 188, 190 that are used to monitor and control the AHU 142. The agent 154 is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and control logic.

The data filtering 192 module is responsible for separating the data received from sensors 176, 178, 180, 182 and actuators 184, 186, 188, 190. For example, the energy consumption levels of fans (measured by their related variable frequency drives (VFD)), actual fan airflows (measured by the associated airflow stations), or various temperatures (e.g. cooling coil leaving air temperature, unit leaving air temperature, etc.) will be sent to the system feedback module 194, while data from other various sensors (e.g. alarms, temperatures, etc.) will be sent to the system analysis and control module 196. The data filtering module 192 may also send to the system analysis and control module 196 the same data that was sent to the system feedback module 194.

The system feedback 194 module is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the various sensors and         actuators. The type of information that the system feedback         module 194 may collect is described in the data filtering module         192.     -   Analysis of predictions related to various temperatures (e.g.         mixed air temperatures, coil leaving air temperature, unit         leaving air temperature, etc.). The data received from the         various sensors 176, 178, 180, 182 and actuators 184, 186, 188,         190 will be compared against the predictions made by the machine         learning module 198. Any large discrepancies between the         predicted and measured values could mean that the previous         commands could indicate that the difference in the error or         accuracy of the predictions made by the machine learning module         198 and the actual outcome might have exceeded critical limits,         which in turn has affected the overall energy and energy         performance of the air handling unit 142. The system feedback         module 194 will then send the measured values to the machine         learning module 198 such that the machine learning module 198         can update its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from the AHU system coordinator 20.         The information may represent feedback regarding the predictions         that the AHU agent 154 has made. For example, the AHU 142 might         deliver a certain amount of supply air to the zones 144, 146,         148, 150, 152 and at the same time its internal airflow sensors         are confirming that the measured supply airflow is equal to or         close to what was predicted. However, some zones, as measured by         the sensors of the zone agents 156, 158, 160, 162, 164 might not         receive sufficient airflow. This could be indication that the         AHU airflow sensors are defective or that they might need         recalibration.

The machine learning module 198 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 194.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 194.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 196. This information may represent data from the various         sensors 176, 178, 180, 182 and actuators 184, 186, 188, 190,         such as airflows and associated temperatures.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         196 or from the system feedback module 194.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 196 and to the scenario generator module 200.

For each component (e.g. coil, filter bank, fans, etc.) of the AHU 142, the machine learning module 198 will use various machine learning algorithms to predict its performance (e.g. Btu/hr, leaving water temperature, water flow, etc.), air pressure drop, energy consumption (e.g. kWh). For example, a coil has fixed properties (e.g. width, height, number of fins, tube diameter, etc.). As such, a machine learning algorithm may be trained, via the use of manufacturer's rated coil performance data at various conditions (e.g. various entering air temperatures, entering water temperatures and flow), to predict what the coil leaving air temperature and water temperature may be at other conditions not included in the training data set.

Similarly, using fan laws and manufacturer's rated fan performance data as a training set, a machine learning algorithm may be trained to predict what the fan energy consumption will be at various system conditions (e.g. various airflows and various associated fan static pressures). Once released into the real environment, the machine learning module 198, via the feedback received from the system feedback module 194, may update its internal machine learning algorithms and related predictions (e.g. fan motor energy consumption, static pressure setpoints, etc.) to account for system effects and for the measurement errors of the various sensors.

Using an approach similar to the above, the machine learning module 198 may also use each individual component prediction as a data set and/or training set to make predictions for the energy consumption of the entire AHU 142. For example, the machine learning module 194 may build a training set comprised of the supply fan airflow, return fan airflow, return static pressure, supply static pressure, and associated fan motor energy consumption. Once the training set is of considerable size, the machine learning module 198 may use it to predict fan motor energy consumption on new data that is not a part of the training set.

The machine learning module 198 may also inform the system analysis and control module 196 on what coil (e.g. preheat coil or cooling coil) can be used for preheating. For example, the machine learning module 198, using various sensors (e.g. return air and outside temperature sensors), may predict that the mixed air temperature resulted from the mixing of the return air flow and outside airflow is 37° F., while the required AHU supply air temperature is 52° F. A typical approach would be to enable the preheat coil to warm up the mixed air around 50° F., and then, by picking up the heat from the fan motors, the AHU supply air temperature will be 52° F. However, the machine learning module 198, by analyzing the properties of the cooling coil and the related chilled water temperatures and flow, may predict that the preheat coil is required to only preheat the mixed air to 47° F. and then the chilled water coil can be used to preheat the air to 50° F. In the case when preheating is not required, the machine learning module 198 may predict that an artificial increase in the amount of outside air that the AHU 142 is delivering may lower the mixed air return air temperature enough to require preheating using the cooling coil. This approach may result in significant energy savings for both the AHU 142 and the chilled water plant. The predictions described above will then be sent to the AHU system coordinator 20, which in turn will send the predictions to the chilled water system coordinator 16. See chilled water system coordinator description for additional information.

The system analysis and control module 196 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors and actuators related to         the AHU 142.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 192.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 192.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 196 may determine that a         fan is no longer capable of running (e.g. the motor has burned         out). As such, the system analysis and control module 196 may         need to update its valid scenario (e.g. how many fans need to         operate and at what speed) to deliver the required amount of         airflow to the zones 144, 146, 148, 150, 152.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 198 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 198         and sending commands to the various actuators 184, 186, 188,         190. The commands that the system analysis and control module         196 may send to the actuators 184, 186, 188, 190 could be valve         position, damper position or fan speed.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 200. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 196 will analyze the status of the current         sensors 176, 178, 180, 182 and actuators 184, 186, 188, 190 and         will determine which scenario is valid. For example, one of the         scenarios that the scenario generator module 200 may generate,         will require the AHU 142 to deliver 10,000 cfm to the zones 144,         146, 148, 150, 152. The system analysis and control module 196         may determine that, due to a fan failure, such scenario is no         longer valid and that the machine learning module 198 will not         make a prediction on the referenced scenario.

The scenario generator module 200 is responsible for continuously looking for ways/scenarios to improve the overall energy performance of the AHU 142. For example, the scenario generator module 200 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 196 to analyze and validate. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 198 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 198 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 200 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 200 may decide to send such predictions to the AHU system coordinator 20, which may send them to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the AHU system coordinator 20 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 200.

The scenario generator module 200 may create scenarios by varying the AHU air flows (e.g. outside air flow, return airflow, etc.) and related temperatures Each such scenario will have an impact on the energy performance of fan motors and on the AHU coil heating and cooling loads.

E. Heating Hot Water System

1. General Description

FIG. 12 represents the heating plant 202 providing heating hot water to one air handling unit 204 and seven thermal zones 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218. The control of the entire hot water system is performed through a series of independent software agents such as the hot water system coordinator 18, heating plant agent 220, and zone agents 222, 224, 226. The communication architecture between the various agents and coordinators is shown in FIG. 13.

2. Hot Water System Coordinator

a. Purpose

The hot water system coordinator 18 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all agents associated with its respective heating system. By coordinating and predicting the energy usage of the entire heating system, the hot water system coordinator 18 will inform SMITHGROUP-AI 10 with the necessary information for it to optimize the overall building energy use.

The hot water system coordinator 18 is responsible, but not limited to the following:

-   -   Satisfy and maintain all building heating loads requirements.     -   Optimize the energy use of the heating system.     -   Predict the energy use of the heating system.     -   Communication with SMITHGROUP-AI 10. It sends overall heating         system energy use predictions and receives commands from         SMITHGROUP-AI 10.     -   Communication with the hot water plant agent 220. It requests         energy consumption predictions and status from the hot water         plant agent 220 and sends predictions (e.g. total heating hot         water system water flow, heating hot water supply temperature,         heating hot water return temperature) such that the heating         plant agent 220 can make associated predictions related to the         energy performance of the heating water plant 220.

b. Internal Structure

FIG. 14 represents the internal structure of the hot water system (HWS) coordinator 18 and its environment. The environment of the HWS coordinator 18 is comprised of all agents 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236 that it monitors and controls. The agents that the HWS coordinator 18 controls are all zones and AHUs that contain a hot water coil and require hot water from the heating plant. The agent is comprised of five unique modules that have its own dedicated algorithm.

The data filtering module 238 is responsible for separating the data received from the various associated agents 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236. For example, the actual agent energy consumption levels or actual agent hot water flow may be sent to the system feedback module 240, while predictions from the agents will be sent to the system analysis and control module 242.

The system feedback module 240 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the zone agents 222, 224, 226,         228, 230, 232, 234 and the heating plant agent 220; the         information may represent status (e.g. failed, maintenance), or         actual agent energy consumptions levels from the various agents.         A failed status may indicate that a zone agent 222, 224, 226,         228, 230, 232, 234 may no longer control its environment and         should be excluded from the overall condenser water system         predictions that the machine learning module 244 is making. A         maintenance status may indicate that a zone agent 222, 224, 226,         228, 230, 232, 234 has entered or may enter into a maintenance         mode and that the machine learning module 244 needs to update         its overall chilled water system predictions accordingly. The         information may also represent predictions related to the energy         consumption levels of each agent.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the total heating hot water         flow. The actual heating hot water flow from the various agents         will be compared against their own predictions but also against         the predictions made by the machine learning module 244. Any         large discrepancies between the predicted and actual heating hot         water flows could mean that the previous command that a zone         agent 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234 or the heating plant         agent 220 received from the hot water system coordinator 18 has         placed an agent 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236 in         conflict with its own internal laws (e.g. not able to meet the         various zone thermal requirements or expected chilled water         system flow). This could indicate that the difference in the         error or accuracy of the predictions made by the machine         learning module 244 and the actual outcome might have exceeded         critical limits, which in turn has affected the overall energy         and thermal performance of the heating system. The system         feedback module 240 will then send the actual chilled water         flows to the machine learning module 244 such that the machine         learning module 244 can update its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from SMITHGROUP-AI 10. The information         may represent commands that need to be distributed to the         various associated agents. The information may also represent         feedback regarding the predictions that the hot water system         coordinator 18 has made; for example, the predicted energy         performance of the scenario that SMITHGROUP-AI 10 has directed         the hot water system coordinator 10 to implement is         significantly different than the real outcome. As such the         system feedback module 240 will pass this feedback to the         machine learning module 244 to update its machine learning         algorithms accordingly such that the accuracy or error of its         predictions self-improves.

The machine learning module 244 will be responsible for the following:

-   -   Collect information from the data filtering 238 and system         analysis and control module 242.     -   Predict the overall energy consumption of the entire hot water         system or for the total water flow that the heating plant agent         220 must deliver based on the data received from the system         analysis and control module 242.     -   Send predictions back to the system analysis and control module         242 and to the scenario generator module 246.

The system analysis and control module 242 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collect information from the data filtering module 238. The type         of information that this module may collect is described under         the data filter module 238.     -   Analyze data received from each agent, and filtering and         compiling the data into valid system scenarios. A more detailed         description of this process is presented in the sample process.     -   Send valid system scenarios to the machine learning module 244         for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 244         and send commands to the various agents. The commands that the         system analysis and control module 242 may send to the agents         222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236 could be chilled water         entering and leaving setpoints, heating hot water flows, or         requests for predictions.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 246. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 242 may decide to direct the various agents to         make predictions and then compile these predictions into valid         system scenarios for the machine learning module 244 to make         predictions on.

The scenario generator module 246 is responsible for continuously looking for ways to improve the overall energy performance of the entire heating hot water system. For example, the scenario generator module 246 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 242 to analyze and validate. The system analysis and control module 242 may ask the associated agents to make predictions on the scenarios. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 244 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 244 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 246 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 246 may decide to send such predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the hot water system coordinator 18 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 246.

The scenario generator module 246 may create scenarios by modelling the heating plant agent 220 as delivering various heating hot water flows and associated temperatures and by modelling the zone agents 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234 or AHU agents 236 as satisfying their load conditions under various conditions.

3. Heating Plant Agent

a. Purpose

The heating plant agent 220 is an independent agent that monitors and controls all sensors 248, 250, 252, 254 and actuators 256, 258, 260, 262, associated with the heating plant 202. Further, the heating plant agent 220 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of the entire heating plant.     -   Prediction of the boiler's energy consumption.     -   Prediction of firing rates of each boiler.     -   Prediction of the hot water pumps energy consumption.     -   Prediction of the water pressure drop through each of the hot         water system piping components (e.g. control valve, heat         exchanger, coil).     -   Communication with the hot water system coordinator 18. It         receives valid scenario predictions (e.g. total hot water coil         loads, hot water supply temperature, hot water return         temperature, total hot water flow) such that the hot water agent         can make associated energy predictions to send back to the hot         water system coordinator 18.

b. Internal Structure

As shown in FIG. 15 the internal structure of the heating plant agent 220 includes five modules: data filtering 264, system feedback 266, machine learning 268, system analysis and controls 270, and scenario generators 272. The environment for the heating plant agent 220 is comprised of all the sensors 248, 250, 252, 254 and actuators 256, 258, 260, 262 of the equipment that it monitors and controls. The sensors 248, 250, 252, 254 and actuators 256, 258, 260, 262 that are part of the heating plant agent's environment are connected directly to the network, without the use of proprietary controllers that operate with programmed sequences of operation. In some instances, an open source non-proprietary input/output module or a gateway may be required to convert the signal from a sensor or an actuator such that it can be communicated via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus etc.

The data filtering module 264 is responsible for separating the data received from the sensors 248, 250, 252, 254 and actuators 256, 258, 260, 262. For instance, the energy consumption levels of the hot water pumps (measured by the variable frequency drives (VFD)), actual heating hot water flows (measured by the associated flow meters), actual natural gas consumption (measured by the associated boiler natural gas flow meters), or the actual plant hot water return temperature may be sent to the system feedback module 266. Other data such as status and alarms may be sent to the system analysis and control module 270. The data filtering module 264 may also send to the system analysis and control module 270 the same data that was sent to the system feedback module 266.

The system feedback module 266 is tasked with the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the various sensors 248, 250,         252, 254 and actuators 256, 258, 260, 262. The type of         information that the system feedback module 266 may collect is         described in the data filtering module 264.     -   Analysis of predictions related to various temperatures (e.g.         plant heating hot water leaving temperature, plant heating hot         water return temperature, etc.). The data received from the         various sensors 248, 250, 252, 254 and actuators 256, 258, 260,         262 will be compared against the predictions made by the machine         learning module 268. Any large discrepancies between the         predicted and measured values could mean that the previous         commands could indicate that the difference in the error or         accuracy of the predictions made by the machine learning module         268 and the actual outcome might have exceeded critical limits,         which in turn has affected the overall energy and energy         performance of the heating plant. The system feedback module 266         will then send the measured values to the machine learning         module 268 such that the machine learning module 268 can update         its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from the hot water system coordinator         18. The information may represent feedback regarding the         predictions that the heating plant agent 220 has made. For         example, the heating plant 202 might deliver a certain heating         hot water flow to the zones 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218 or         to the AHUs 204 in the same time its internal flow meters are         confirming that the measured heating hot water flow is equal to         or close to what was predicted. However, some zones 206, 208,         210, 212, 214, 216, 218 or AHUs 204, as measured by their         associated flow meters, might not receive sufficient heating hot         water; this could be indication that the plant heating hot water         flow meters are defective or that they may need recalibration.

The machine learning module 268 is tasked with the following:

-   -   Collect information from the data filtering 264 and system         analysis and control module 270.     -   Predict the overall energy consumption of the entire heating         plant or the total heating hot water flow that the heating plant         agent 220 will need to deliver based on the data received from         the system analysis and control module 270.     -   Send the predictions back to the system analysis and control         module 270 and to the scenario generator module 272.     -   Predict heating energy consumption, leaving water temperature,         water flows for each major component (e.g. boiler, pumps etc).

Using manufacturers rated boiler performance and boiler curves data as a training set, a machine learning algorithm may be trained to predict the boiler energy consumption at various system conditions (e.g. entering and leaving hot water temperatures, hot water flows etc.). Once released into the real environment, the machine learning module 268, via the feedback received from the system feedback module 266, may update its internal machine learning algorithms and related predictions to account for system effects and the measurement errors of the various sensors.

Pump data will also be updated similarly. Using pump laws and manufacturer's rated pump performance data as a training set, a machine learning algorithm may be trained to predict what the pump energy consumption will be at various system conditions, water flow, and pump head conditions. Once released into the environment, the machine learning module 268 will update its internal machine learning algorithms and related predictions (e.g. pump motor energy consumption, pump differential sensor pressure setpoints, etc.) based on the feedback received from the system feedback module 266.

Using an approach similar to the above, the machine learning module 268 may also use each individual component prediction as a data set and/or training set to make predictions for the energy consumption of the entire heating plant. For example, the machine learning module 268 may build a training set comprised of the plant heating hot water flow, plant entering heating hot water temperature, plant leaving heating hot water temperature, pump head and associated pump motor energy consumption. Once the training set is of useful size, the machine learning module 268 may use it to predict pump motor energy consumption on new data that is not a part of the training set.

The machine learning module 268 may use the training sets described above to operate the heating plant as efficiently as possible. The machine learning module 268 may predict the entering water temperatures, leaving water temperatures, hot water flow, quantity of boilers, quantity and speed of pumps required to operate to satisfy building loads based on the predictions received from the hot water system coordinator 18.

The system analysis and control module 270 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors and actuators related to         the hot water system.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 264.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 264.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 270 may determine that a         pump is no longer capable of running (e.g. the motor has burned         out). As such, the system analysis and control module 270 may         need to update its valid scenario (e.g. how many pumps need to         operate and at what speed) to deliver the required amount of         water flow to the zones.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 268 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 268         and sending commands to the various actuators. The commands that         the system analysis and control module 270 may send to the         actuators could be valve position, damper position or fan speed.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 272. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 270 will analyze the status of the current         sensors and actuators and will determine which scenario is         valid.

The scenario generator module 272 is responsible for continuously looking for ways/scenarios to improve the overall energy performance of the heating system. For example, the scenario generator module 272 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 270 to analyze and validate. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 268 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 268 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 272 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 272 may decide to send such predictions to the hot water system coordinator 18, which will then be sent to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the hot water system coordinator 18 to implement one of the scenarios created by scenario generator module 246 of the hot water system coordinator 18.

The scenario generator module 268 may create scenarios by varying the heating hot water flow and related temperatures through the boilers or by varying the number of operating pumps. Each such scenario will have an impact on both pump motor energy performance and boiler efficiency.

4. Sample Process

A sample process through which the hot water system coordinator 18 makes predictions related to the overall heating hot water system energy consumption levels or heating hot water system flows and associated temperatures is discussed below.

-   -   AHU system coordinators 20, 22 and zone agents 222, 224, 226,         228, 230, 232, 234 filter the predicted scenarios that are         achievable within their own system. zone agents 222, 224, 226,         228, 230, 232, 234 may then send heating scenario setpoints         (e.g. heating loads, entering water temperatures) to the hot         water system coordinator 18, through the associated AHU system         coordinator 18. This will be considered “raw data” for the hot         water system coordinator 18.     -   The hot water system coordinator 18 may group all scenarios by         the entering water temperature, also known as the temperature         the heating plant must provide. During this step, scenarios with         temperatures that cannot satisfy all zones will be eliminated.     -   The hot water system coordinator 18 will create each scenario         that could occur at the same time. For instance, Zones 1, 2, 3,         4, and 5 must have the same supply air temperature (SAT) as it         will be served by the same air handling unit. the hot water         system coordinator 18 will create these grouped scenarios and         assign a hot water system ID to each one.     -   The hot water system coordinator 18 will summarize all grouped         scenarios and may predict the overall heating hot water system         flow and heating hot water plant return temperature associated         with each scenario. These predictions may then be sent to the         heating plant agent 220. The heating plant agent 220 will then         make predictions on the heating plant energy consumption for         each scenario and will send these predictions back to the hot         water system coordinator 18.     -   The hot water system coordinator 18 may then predict the overall         heating hot water system energy consumption levels for each         scenario and may send these predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10. See         SMITHGROUP-AI narrative for additional information.

In further detail, each zone agent creates a series of scenarios associated with the zone that it is serving and sends these scenarios to a system coordinator (e.g. hot water system coordinator 18). These scenarios are given a unique ID number (Table 6 below) based on a specific airflow supply air temperature (SAT) and a specific entering water temperature (EWT).

TABLE 6 Supply Air Temperature Heating Zone SAT Coil Load EWT LWT Prediction ID [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM Agent_1-3_10 52 7500 160 153 2.14 Agent_2-3_10 52 12500 160 153 3.57 Agent_3-3_10 52 6000 160 153 1.71 Agent_4-3_10 52 15000 160 153 4.29 Agent_5-3_10 52 9800 160 153 2.80 Agent_1-4_10 53 5000 160 153 1.43 Agent_2-4_10 53 11000 160 153 3.14 Agent_3-4_10 53 5500 160 153 1.57 Agent_4-4_10 53 13000 160 153 3.71 Agent_5-4_10 53 9200 160 153 2.63

Each system agent that serves a system that uses hot water creates a series of scenarios associated with the system that it is serving and sends these scenarios to a system coordinator (e.g. hot water system coordinator 18). These scenarios are given a unique ID number based on a specific airflow supply air temperature (SAT) and a specific entering water temperature (EWT).

The hot water system coordinator then filters the scenarios that it receives (Table 7 below). The filtering process is intended to eliminate scenarios that are not valid for the hot water system at a point in time. For example, an agent may accept a certain cooler hot water temperature (e.g. 155° F. or below), however due to various system conditions, the heating water plant may not be able to achieve such a cooler hot water temperature. This will render the associated scenarios as invalid.

TABLE 7 Supply Air Temperature Heating Zone SAT Coil Load EWT LWT Prediction [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM Agent_1-3_10 52 7500 160 153 2.14 Agent_2-3_10 52 12500 160 153 3.57 Agent_3-3_10 52 6000 160 153 1.71 Agent_4-3_6 52 15000 140 132 3.75 Agent_5-3_6 52 9800 140 132 2.45 Agent_1-4_6 53 5000 140 133 1.43

The hot water system coordinator 18 will then start creating combinations of agent scenarios (Table 8 below). Each combination of scenarios is then given a unique ID number (e.g. HWS_160-1). For each combination of agent scenarios there is a corresponding set of hot water plant conditions that need to be achieved (e.g. total heating load, entering water temperature (EWT), leaving water temperature (LWT)m and hot water flow (in GPM)).

TABLE 8 Supply Air Heating Coil Zone Hot Water Temperature Load EWT LWT Prediction ID System ID SAT [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM Agent_1-3_10 HWS_160-1 52 7500 160 153 2.14 Agent_2-3_10 52 12500 160 153 3.57 Agent_3-3_10 52 6000 160 153 1.71 Agent_4-3_10 52 15000 160 153 4.29 Agent_5-3_10 52 9800 160 153 2.80 Zone_6-1_3 80 2100 160 150 0.42 Zone_7-1_1 84 1100 160 155 0.44 Total 54000 160 153.0 15.37-

The hot water system coordinator 18 then makes hot water system energy consumptions predictions for each combination of agent scenarios (Table 9 below).

TABLE 9 PREDICTION RECEIVED DATA Hot Water Heating Energy Hot Water Coil Load EWT LWT Consumption System ID Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM [kWh] HWS_160-1 54000 160 153.0 15.37 HWS_160-2 46900 160 153.0 13.35 HWS_160-3 41900 160 152.8 7.90 HWS_160-4 36200 160 153.0 7.46 HWS_160-5 54300 160 153.0 15.45 HWS_160-6 54400 160 152.8 15.19 HWS_160-7 54400 160 153.0 15.45 HWS_160-8 54500 160 153.0 15.49 HWS_160-9 54600 160 152.8 15.23 HWS_180-10 36200 180 174.0 12.04 HWS_180-11 36400 180 174.0 12.12 HWS_180-12 36600 180 174.0 12.2 F. Chilled Water System

1. General Description

Referring to FIG. 16, a chilled water system is shown consisting of four chilled water pumps 274, 276, 278, 280, pumped in parallel, one waterside economizer heat exchanger 282, and three chillers 284, 286, 288. The distribution piping system consists of two air handling units 290, 292 and three thermal zones 294, 296, 298 with chilled water coils.

The control of the entire chilled water system is performed through a series of independent software agents such as the chilled water system coordinator 16, chilled water plant agent 300, and zone agents 302, 304, 306.

2. Chilled Water System Coordinator

a. Purpose

The chilled water system coordinator 16 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all agents associated with the chilled water system. FIG. 17 shows the communication architecture between the various chilled water system agents.

The chilled water system coordinator 16 is responsible for, but not limited to, the following:

-   -   Satisfy and maintain all building cooling load requirements.     -   Optimize chilled water system energy usage.     -   Predict energy use of the entire chilled water system.     -   Communication with SMITHGROUP-AI 10. It sends overall chilled         water system energy use predictions and receives commands from         SMITHGROUP-AI 10.     -   Communication with the chilled water plant agent 300. It         requests energy consumption predictions and status from the         chilled water plant agent 300 and sends predictions (e.g. total         chilled water system water flow, chilled water supply         temperature, chilled water return temperature) such that the         chilled water plant agent 300 can make associated predictions         related to the energy performance of the chilled water plant.

Further, the chilled water system coordinator 16, by analyzing the cooling load, water flow and temperature predictions received from the various zone agents 304, 306, 308 and AHU system coordinators 20, 22, may predict that the chillers are not required to be enabled and that the cooling coils from each AHU 290, 292 may be used to reject the heat absorbed by the chilled water system from the various zones 294, 296, 298. The chilled water system coordinator 16 will then send these predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10. For example, by analyzing the predictions from each zone agent 302, 304, 306 and AHU system coordinator 20, 22, the chilled water system coordinator 16 may determine that a 65° F. temperature will be sufficient to satisfy all cooling loads, without requiring the use of a chiller to cool the water. This can be accomplished by using the chilled water coils from the AHU 290, 292 as heating coils. The energy absorbed by the chilled water coils serving the zone agents 302, 304, 306 is transferred to the airstream within each AHU 290, 292 via its associated chilled water coils. Similarly, the chilled water system coordinator 16, by analyzing the cooling load, water flow and temperature predictions received from the various zone agents 302, 304, 306 and AHU system coordinators 20, 22, may predict that the chillers are only partially required to cool the chilled water.

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 18, the internal structure of the CHWS coordinator 16 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the chilled water system coordinator 16 consists of all the agents that it monitors and controls. The agents that the chilled water system coordinator 16 controls are all zones/AHUs that contain a chilled water coil and require chilled water from the chilled water system 16. For example, two air handling unit agents 20, 22 and three zone agents 302, 304, 306 are shown. The agent is comprised of five modules, each with dedicated algorithms and control logic.

The data filtering module 310 is responsible for separating the data received from the various associated agents 20, 22, 302, 304, 306. For example, the actual agent energy consumption levels or actual agent chilled water flow may be sent to the system feedback module 312, while predictions from the agents will be sent to the system analysis and control module 314.

The system feedback module 312 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the zone agents 302, 304, 306 and         the chilled water plant agent 300; the information may represent         status (e.g. failed, maintenance), or actual agent energy         consumptions levels from the various agents. A failed status may         indicate that a zone agent 302, 304, 306 may no longer control         its environment and should be excluded from the overall         condenser water system predictions that the machine learning         module 316 is making. A maintenance status may indicate that a         zone agent 302, 304, 306 has entered or may enter into a         maintenance mode and that the machine learning module 316 needs         to update its overall chilled water system predictions         accordingly. The information may also represent predictions         related to the energy consumption levels of each agent 300, 302,         304, 306.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the total chilled water flow.         The actual chilled water flow from the various agents 300, 302,         304, 306 will be compared against their own predictions but also         against the predictions made by the machine learning module 316.         Any large discrepancies between the predicted and actual chilled         water flows could mean that the previous command that a zone         agent 302, 304, 306 or the chilled water plant agent 300         received from the chilled water system coordinator 310 has         placed an agent in conflict with its own internal laws (e.g. not         able to meet the various zone thermal requirements or expected         chilled water system flow). This could indicate that the         difference in the error or accuracy of the predictions made by         the machine learning module 316 and the actual outcome might         have exceeded critical limits, which in turn has affected the         overall energy and thermal performance of the chilled water         system. The system feedback module 312 will then send the actual         chilled water flows to the machine learning module 316 such that         the machine learning module 316 can update its internal learning         algorithms.     -   Collection of information from SMITHGROUP-AI 10. The information         may represent commands that need to be distributed to the         various associated agents. The information may also represent         feedback regarding the predictions that the chilled water system         coordinator 16 has made. For example, the predicted energy         performance of the scenario that SMITHGROUP-AI 10 has directed         the chilled water system coordinator 310 to implement is         significantly different that the real outcome. As such the         system feedback module 312 will pass this feedback to the         machine learning module 316 to update its machine learning         algorithms accordingly such that the accuracy or error of its         predictions self-improves.

The machine learning module 316 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 312.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 312.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 314. This information may represent predictions from zone         agents 302, 304, 306 and chilled water plant agent 300 regarding         chilled water flows, temperatures, etc.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         314, for the overall energy consumption of the entire chilled         water system or for the total chilled water flow that chilled         water plant agent 300 will need to deliver.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 314 and to the scenario generator module 318.

The system analysis and control module 314 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 310.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 310.     -   Analyzing the data from each agent, and filtering and compiling         the data into valid system scenarios.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 316 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 316         and sending commands to the various agents. The commands that         the system analysis and control module 314 may send to the         agents could be chilled water flows and associated temperatures         or requests for predictions.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 318. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 314 may decide to direct the various agents to         make predictions and then compile these predictions into valid         system scenarios for the machine learning module 316 to make         predictions on.

The scenario generator module 318 is responsible for continuously looking for ways to improve the overall energy performance of the entire chilled water system. For example, the scenario generator module 318 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 314 to analyze and validate. The system analysis and control module 314 may ask the associated agents to make predictions on the scenarios. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 316 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 316 will then be sent back to the scenario generator 314 module for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 318 may decide to send such predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the chilled water system coordinator 16 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 318.

The scenario generator module 318 may create scenarios by modelling the chilled water plant agent 300 as delivering various chilled water flows and associated temperatures, by modelling the zone agents 302, 304, 306 or AHU agents as satisfying their load conditions under various conditions, or by modelling the condenser water plant equipment as being able to support the chillers to generate such chilled water flows and associated temperatures.

3. Chilled Water Plant Agent

a. Purpose

The chilled water plant agent 300 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls the equipment in the chilled water plant equipment (e.g. chillers, water side economizer, chilled water pumps) as energy efficient as possible while satisfying all cooling load requirements. Further, the chilled water plant agent 300 is responsible for the following:

-   -   a. Prediction of the energy use of the entire chilled water         plant.     -   b. Prediction of the chillers' energy consumption.     -   c. Prediction of the chilled water pumps energy consumption.     -   d. Prediction of the water pressure drop through each of the         chilled water system piping components (e.g. control valve, heat         exchanger, coil).     -   e. Communication with the chilled water system coordinator 16.         It receives valid scenario predictions (e.g. total chilled water         coil loads, chilled water supply temperature, chilled water         return temperature, total chilled water flow) such that the         chilled water plant agent 300 can make associated energy         predictions to send back to the chilled water system coordinator         16.     -   f. Communication with the condenser water coordinator 308. The         type of information that the chilled water plant agent 300 may         communicate with the condenser water system coordinator 308 may         represent valid scenarios or conditions (e.g., minimum and         maximum condenser water return temperature, minimum and maximum         condenser water supply temperature, minimum and maximum         condenser water flow) that the chilled water plant agent 300         needs to account for when making its own energy consumption         predictions. Other information that the condenser water system         coordinator 308 may communicate with the chilled water plant         agent 300 are predictions related to the condenser water flow,         and condenser water return temperature associated with each         piece of equipment that is a part of the chilled water plant         (e.g. chiller, water side economizer).

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 19, the internal structure of the chilled water plant agent 300 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the chilled water system agent 300 is comprised of all the sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332, 334 of the equipment that it monitors and controls. Sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332, 334 that are part of the chilled water system agent's environment are connected directly to the network, without the use of proprietary controllers that operate with programmed sequences of operation. In some instances, an open source non-proprietary input/output module or a gateway may be required to convert the signal from a sensor or an actuator such that it can be communicated via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus, etc. The agent 300 is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic.

The data filtering module 336 is responsible for separating the data received from sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332, 334. For example, the actual energy consumption levels of the chillers and pumps (measured by their related variable frequency drives (VFDs)), actual pump water flows (measured by the associated flow meters) or various temperatures will be sent to the system feedback module 338, while data from other various sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators (e.g. temperatures, status, valve position, differential pressures etc.) 328, 330, 332, 334 will be sent to the system analysis and control module 340.

The system feedback module 338 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the various sensors 320, 322,         324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332, 334. The type of         information that the system feedback module 338 may collect is         described in the data filtering module 336.     -   Analysis of predictions related to various water temperatures         and flows (e.g. entering and leaving chilled water temperatures,         entering and leaving condenser water temperatures, chilled water         flow, condenser water flow, etc.). The data received from the         various sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332,         334 will be compared against the predictions made by the machine         learning module 342. Any large discrepancies between the         predicted and measured values could mean that the previous         commands could indicate that the difference in the error or         accuracy of the predictions made by the machine learning module         342 and the actual outcome might have exceeded critical limits,         which in turn has affected the overall energy and energy         performance of the chilled water system. The system feedback         module 338 will then send the measured values to the machine         learning module 342 such that the machine learning module 342         can update its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from the chilled water system         coordinator 16. The information may represent feedback regarding         the predictions that the chilled water plant agent 300 has made.         For example, the chilled water plant might deliver a certain         chilled water flow to the zones 294, 296, 298 or to the AHUs         290, 292 in the same time its internal flow meters are         confirming that the measured chilled water flow is equal to or         close to what was predicted. However, some zones 294, 296, 298         or AHUs 290, 292, as measured by their associated flow meters,         might not receive sufficient chilled water. This could be         indication that the chilled water flow meters within the chilled         water plant are defective or that they may need recalibration.

The machine learning module 342 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 338.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 338.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 340. This information may represent data from the various         sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332, 334,         such as water flows and temperatures.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         340 or from the system feedback module 338.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 340 and to the scenario generator module 344.

Using manufacturers rated chiller performance and chiller curves data as a training set, a machine learning algorithm may be trained to predict the chiller energy consumption at various system conditions (e.g. entering and leaving chilled water temperatures, entering and leaving condenser water temperatures, chiller water flows, condenser water flows etc.). Once released into the real environment, the machine learning module 342, via the feedback received from the system feedback module 338, may update its internal machine learning algorithms and related predictions to account for system effects and the measurement errors of the various sensors.

Similarly, using pump laws and manufacturer's rated pump performance data as a training set, a machine learning algorithm may be trained to predict the chilled water pump energy consumption at various system conditions, water flow, and pump head conditions. Once released into the real environment, the machine learning module 342, via the feedback received from the system feedback module 338, may update its internal machine learning algorithms and related predictions (e.g. pump motor energy consumption, pump differential sensor pressure setpoints etc.) to account for system effects and the measurement errors of the various sensors.

Using an approach like the above, the machine learning module 342 may also use each individual component prediction as a data set and/or training set to make predictions for the energy consumption of the entire chilled water plant. For example, the machine learning module 342 may build a training set comprised of the plant chilled water flow, plant entering chilled water temperature, plant leaving chilled water temperature, and pump head and associated pump motor energy consumption. Once the training set is of useful size, the machine learning module 342 may use it to predict pump motor energy consumption on new data that is not a part of the training set.

The machine learning module 342 will use the training sets described above to operate the chilled water plant as efficiently as possible. The machine learning module 342 may predict the entering water temperatures, leaving water temperatures, chilled water flow, quantity of chillers, and quantity and speed of chilled water pumps that are required to operate to satisfy building loads based on the predictions received from the chilled water system coordinator 16.

The system analysis and control module 340 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors and actuators related to         the chilled water system.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 336.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 336.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 340 may determine that a         pump is no longer capable of running (e.g. the motor has burned         out). As such, the system analysis and control module 340 may         need to update its valid scenario (e.g. how many pumps need to         operate and at what speed) to deliver the required amount of         water flow to the zones 294, 296, 298.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 342 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 342         and sending commands to the various actuators 328, 330, 332,         334. The commands that the system analysis and control module         340 may send to the actuators 328, 330, 332, 334 could be valve         position or damper position or pump speed.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 344. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 340 will analyze the status of the current         sensors 320, 322, 324, 326 and actuators 328, 330, 332, 334 and         will determine which scenario is valid. For example, one of the         scenarios that the scenario generator module 344 may generate         will require the chilled water plant to deliver 1,000 GPM to the         chiller. The system analysis and control module 340 may         determine that, due to a pump failure, such scenario is no         longer valid and that the machine learning module 342 will not         make a prediction on the referenced scenario.

The scenario generator module 344 is responsible for continuously looking for ways/scenarios to improve the overall energy performance of the chilled water plant. For example, the scenario generator module 344 may create a series of scenarios which will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 340 to analyze and validate. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 342 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 342 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 344 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 344 may decide to send such predictions to the chilled water system coordinator 16, which will then be sent to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the chilled water system coordinator 16 to implement one of the scenarios created by the chilled water system scenario generator module 344. The scenario generator module 344 may create scenarios by varying the chilled water flow and related temperatures to the chillers. Each such scenario will have an impact on both pump motor energy performance and chiller efficiency.

4. Sample Process

Each AHU coordinator 290, 292 and zone agent 294, 296, 298 comprised in the chilled water system coordinator's environment will send a series of predictions and status information. Predictions that the chilled water system coordinator 16 will receive may include the cooling coil load, entering and leaving water temperatures, and various GPMs that the zone agents 302, 304, 306 or AHU agents could use to satisfy its zone requirements. The system analysis and control module 314 will first compile all predictions received from the zone agents 302, 304, 306 and AHU agents. The system analysis and control module 314 will then eliminate all predictions that will make other agents incapable of meeting their internal laws. For example, all scenarios with EWT greater than 46° F. can be eliminated because AHU-1 290 and AHU-2 292 cannot satisfy load requirements with these water temperatures. The system analysis and control module 314 will then compile and sort all remaining predictions based on a common chilled water coil entering water temperature.

The system analysis and control module 314 will then generate all possible combinations of entering water temperatures and total GPMs and summarize scenarios to be sent to the chilled water system agent 300. The chilled water plant agent 300 will then determine the most efficient operating scenarios and predict condenser water entering and leaving water temperatures and condenser water flow. The chilled water agent 300 will send these predictions to be validated by the condenser water system coordinator 16. Once validated, the chilled water plant agent 300 will then send the final validated scenarios to the chilled water system coordinator 16 which will then send them to SMITHGROUP-AI 10.

In more detail, each zone agent creates a series of scenarios associated with the zone that it is serving and sends these scenarios to a system coordinator (e.g. chilled water system coordinator 16). These scenarios are given a unique ID number (Table 10 below) based on a specific airflow supply air temperature (SAT) and a specific entering water temperature (EWT).

TABLE 10 Zone Agent-9 AGENT PREDICTIONS Data Provided by the Zone Agent Cooling Zone Supply Air Coil Energy Prediction Temperature Load EWT LWT Predictions ID SAT [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM KWh Agent_9-1-1 50 24000 36 44 6.00 0.4 Agent_9-1-2 50 24000 38 49 4.36 0.4 Agent_9-1-3 50 24000 40 47 6.86 0.4 Agent_9-2-1 52 21000 36 48 3.50 0.6 Agent_9-2-2 52 21000 38 53 2.80 0.6 Agent_9-2-3 52 21000 40 51 3.82 0.6

Similarly, each system agent, creates a series of scenarios associated with the system that it is serving and sends these scenarios to a system coordinator (e.g. chilled water system coordinator 16). These scenarios are given a unique ID number (Table 11 below) based on a specific airflow supply air temperature (SAT) and a specific entering water temperature (EWT).

TABLE 11 AHU-1 AGENT PREDICTIONS Data Provided by the AHU System Coordinator Supply Air Temperature Cooling AHU System SAT Coil Load EWT LWT Prediction ID [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM AHU_1-1-3 52 114480 40 55 15 AHU_1-1-4 52 114480 42 54 19 AHU_1-1-5 52 114480 44 51 33 AHU_1-1-6 52 114480 46 56 23 AHU_1-2-3 54 116964 40 48 29 AHU_1-2-4 54 116964 42 53 21 AHU_1-2-5 54 116964 44 55 21

The chilled water system coordinator then filters the scenarios that it receives (Table 12 below). The filtering process is intended to eliminate scenarios that are not valid for the chilled water system at a point in time. For example, an agent may accept a certain low chilled water temperature (e.g. 38° F. or below), however due to outside air temperature conditions, the chilled water plant may not be able to achieve such low chilled water temperature. This will render the associated scenarios as invalid (as indicated in bold).

TABLE 12 Zone Agent-9 AGENT PREDICTIONS Data Provided by the Zone Agent Cooling Zone Supply Air Coil Energy Prediction Temperature Load EWT LWT Predictions ID SAT [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM KWh Agent_9-1-1 50 24000 36 44 6.00 0.4 Agent_9-1-2 50 24000 38 49 4.36 0.4 Agent_9-1-3 50 24000 40 47 6.86 0.4 Agent_9-2-1 52 21000 36 48 3.50 0.6 Agent_9-2-2 52 21000 38 53 2.80 0.6 Agent_9-2-3 52 21000 40 51 3.82 0.6

After the filtering process is complete, the chilled water system coordinator 16 compiles all valid scenarios (Table 13 below) that will be used to predict the energy consumption of the chilled water system. It then sorts these scenarios based on a common chilled water temperature (e.g. 40° F.).

TABLE 13 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM AGENT PREDICTIONS Supply Air Temperature Cooling AHU System SAT Coil Load EWT LWT Prediction ID [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM AHU_1-1-3 52 114480 40 55 15.26 AHU_1-2-3 54 116964 40 48 29.24 AHU_1-3-3 56 134136 40 46 44.71 AHU_2-1-3 50 240000 40 54 34.29 AHU_2-2-3 52 180000 40 47 51.43 AHU_2-3-3 54 120000 40 51 21.82 Agent_8-1-3 50 15000 40 55 2.00 Agent_8-2-3 52 12000 40 47 3.43 Agent_8-3-3 54 10000 40 51 1.82 Agent_8-4-3 56 8000 40 50 1.60 Agent_9-1-3 50 24000 40 47 6.86 Agent_9-2-3 52 21000 40 51 3.82 Agent_9-3-3 54 18000 40 48 4.50 Agent_9-4-3 56 15000 40 50 3.00

The chilled water system coordinator 16 will then start creating combinations of agent scenarios (Table 14 below). Each combination of scenarios is then given a unique ID number (e.g. CHWS_40-1). For each combination of agent scenarios there is a corresponding set of chilled water plant conditions that need to be achieved (e.g. total cooling load, entering water temperature (EWT), leaving water temperature (LWT) and chilled water flow (in GPM)).

TABLE 14 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM AGENT PREDICTIONS System Identification Data Predictions Chilled Water Supply Air Cooling AHU/Zone System System Predition Temperature Coil Load EWT LWT Prediction ID ID SAT [° F.] Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM AHU_1-1-3 CHWS_40-1 52 114480 40 55 15.26 AHU_2-1-3 50 240000 40 54 34.29 Agent_8-4-3 56 8000 40 50 1.60 Agent_9-3-3 54 18000 40 48 4.50 Total 380480 40 53.7 55.65

The chilled water system coordinator 16 then makes chilled water system energy consumptions predictions for each combination of agent scenarios (Table 15 below) and a unique set of condenser water system operating conditions.

TABLE 15 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM AGENT PREDICTIONS System Identification Predictions Data Energy Consumption Chilled Water CHWS Pump Cooling Condenser Water Energy CHWS Energy CHWS Total Energy Chilled Water Coil Load EWT LWT EWT LWT Consumption Consumption Consumption System Predition ID Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM [° F.] [° F.] GPM KWh KWh KWh CHWS_40-1-1 380480 40 53.7 55.65 85 97 63.4 25 324 349 CHWS_40-1-2 380480 40 53.7 55.65 80 93 58.5 25 302 327 CHWS_40-1-3 380480 40 53.7 55.65 75 88 58.5 25 278 303

The chilled water system energy consumptions predictions are then validated by the condenser water system coordinator 308 (e.g. Table 16 below). This filtering/validation process is required due to the fact that, even though the chilled water plant is able to meet the associated conditions (e.g. chilled water EWT, LWT, GPM, etc.), the condenser water system may not be able to provide/support the various condenser water system operating conditions (e.g. condenser water EWT, LWT, GPM, etc.). For example, if the outside air temperature is about 95° F., the condenser water system may not be able to achieve a LWT of 80° F. or below.

TABLE 16 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM AGENT PREDICTIONS System Identification Predictions Data Energy Consumption Chilled Water CHWS Cooling Pump CHWS CHWS Total Chilled Water Coil Condenser Water Energy Energy Energy System Load EWT LWT EWT LWT Consumption Consumption Consumption Prediction ID Btu/hr [° F.] [° F.] GPM [° F.] [° F.] GPM KWh KWh KWh CHWS_40-1-1 380480 40 53.7 55.65 85 97 63.4 25 324 349 CHWS_40-1-2 380480 40 53.7 55.65 80 93 58.5 25 302 327 CHWS_40-1-3 380480 40 53.7 55.65 75 88 58.5 25 278 303 CHWS_40-1-4 380480 40 53.7 55.65 70 80 76.1 25 265 290 CHWS_40-1-5 380480 40 53.7 55.65 65 76 69.2 25 247 272 CHWS_40-1-6 380480 40 53.7 55.65 60 69 84.6 25 224 249 CHWS_40-1-7 380480 40 53.7 55.65 55 65 76.1 25 209 234

After the chilled water system coordinator 16 has received confirmation from the condenser water system coordinator 308, it then sends the validated scenario combinations to SMITHGROUP-AI 10.

G. Condenser Water System

1. General Description

Referring to FIG. 20, a condenser water system is shown as having four condenser water pumps 346, 348, 350, 352, and three cooling towers, each with two cells 354, 356, 358, 360, 362, 364. Condenser water is delivered to the chilled water plant equipment (e.g. chillers 368, 370, 372 and the waterside economizer 374) and to four other zones that require condenser water. The control of the entire condenser water system is performed through the condenser water system coordinator 16, chilled water plant agent 300, condenser water plant agent 376, and zone agents 378, 380, 384, 386.

FIG. 21 shows the communication architecture between the various condenser water system agents 300, 376, 378, 380, 384, 386. All sensors and actuators are connected directly to the network, without the use of proprietary controllers that operate with programmed sequences of operation. in some instances, an open source non-proprietary input/output module or a gateway may be required to convert the signal from a sensor or an actuator such that it can be communicated via open source networks such as BACnet, LONworks, Modbus, etc.

2. Condenser Water System Coordinator

a. Purpose

The condenser water system coordinator 16 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all agents associated with its respective condenser water system. Further, the condenser water system coordinator 16 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of the entire condenser water         system.     -   Communication with SMITHGROUP-AI 10. It sends overall condenser         water system energy use predictions and receives commands from         SMITHGROUP-AI 10.     -   Communication with the condenser water plant agent 376. It         requests energy consumption predictions and status from the         condenser water plant agent 376 and sends predictions (e.g.         total condenser water system water flow, condenser water supply         temperature, condenser water return temperatures) such that the         condenser water plant agent 376 can make associated predictions         related to the energy performance of the condenser water plant.     -   Communication with the chilled water plant agent 382. The type         of information that the condenser water system coordinator 388         communicates to chilled water plant agent 382 may represent         valid scenarios or conditions (e.g., minimum and maximum         condenser water return temperature, minimum and maximum         condenser water supply temperature, minimum and maximum         condenser water flow) that the chilled water plant agent 382         needs to account for when making its own energy consumption         predictions. Other information that the condenser water system         coordinator 388 may communicate with the chilled water plant         agent 382 are predictions related to the condenser water flow,         and condenser water return temperature associated with each         piece of equipment that is a part of the chilled water plant         (e.g. chillers 368, 370, 372, water side economizer 374).

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 22, the internal structure of the condenser water system coordinator 16 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the condenser water system coordinator 16 is comprised of all the agents that it monitors and controls. The agent is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic.

The data filtering module 388 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Separating the data received from the various associated agents.         For example, the actual agent energy consumption levels or         actual agent condenser water flow will be sent to the system         feedback module 390, while predictions from the agents will be         sent to the system analysis and control module 392.     -   Collection of information from the chilled water plant agent         382. The type of information that the data filtering module 388         may collect from the chilled water plant agent 300 may represent         prediction scenarios that the chilled water plant agent 382         needs to make and for which it needs validation. For example,         some of the prediction scenarios that the chilled water plant         agent 382 intends on analyzing may require a condenser water         temperature of 85° F. or above. The data filtering module 388         will send these prediction scenarios to the system analysis and         control module 392 for processing and validation.

The system feedback module 390 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the zone agents 378, 380, 384,         386, the condenser water plant agent 376, and the chilled water         plant agent 300. The information may represent status (e.g.         failed, maintenance), or actual agent energy consumptions levels         from the various agents. A failed status may indicate that a         zone agent 378, 380, 384, 386 no longer controls its environment         and should be excluded from the overall condenser water system         predictions that the machine learning module 394 is making. A         maintenance status may indicate that a zone agent 378, 380, 384,         386 has entered or may enter into a maintenance mode and that         the machine learning module 394 needs to update its overall         condenser water system predictions accordingly. The information         may also represent predictions related to the energy consumption         levels of each agent.     -   Analysis of predictions related to the total condenser water         flow. The actual condenser water flow from the various agents         will be compared against their own predictions but also against         the predictions made by the machine learning module 394. Any         large discrepancies between the predicted and actual condenser         water flows could mean that the previous command that a zone         agent 378, 380, 384, 386 or the condenser water plant agent 376         received from the condenser water system coordinator 16 has         placed an agent in conflict with its own internal laws (e.g. not         able to meet the various zone thermal requirements or expected         condenser water system flow). This could indicate that the         difference in the error or accuracy of the predictions made by         the machine learning module 394 and the actual outcome might         have exceeded critical limits, which in turn has affected the         overall energy and thermal performance of the condenser water         system. The system feedback module 390 will then send the actual         condenser water flows to the machine learning module 394 such         that the machine learning module 394 can update its internal         learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from SMITHGROUP-AI 10. The information         may represent commands that need to be distributed to the         various associated agents. The information may also represent         feedback regarding the predictions that the condenser water         system coordinator 16 has made. For example, the predicted         energy performance of the scenario that SMITHGROUP-AI 10 has         directed the condenser water system coordinator 16 to implement         is significantly different that the real outcome. As such the         system feedback module 390 will pass this feedback to the         machine learning module 394 to update its machine learning         algorithms accordingly such that the accuracy or error of its         predictions self-improves.

The machine learning module 394 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 390.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 390.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 392. This information may represent predictions from zone         agents 378, 380, 384, 386 and condenser water plant agent 376         regarding condenser water flows, temperatures, etc.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         392, for the overall energy consumption of the entire condenser         water system or for the total condenser water flow that the         condenser water plant agent 376 will need to deliver.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 392 and to the scenario generator module 396.

The system analysis and control module 392 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 388.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 388.     -   Analyzing the data from each agent, and filtering and compiling         the data into valid system scenarios.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 394 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 394         and sending commands to the various agents. The commands that         the system analysis and control module 392 may send to the         agents could be condenser water flows and associated         temperatures, or requests for predictions.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 396. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 392 may decide to direct the various agents to         make predictions and then compile these predictions into valid         system scenarios for the machine learning module 394 to make         predictions on.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 396 that require input from the chilled water plant agent         382. For each scenario received, the system analysis and control         module 392 may decide to ask the chilled water plant agent 382         to make predictions and then send the predictions back to the         data filtering module 388.

The scenario generator module 396 is responsible for continuously looking for ways to improve the overall energy performance of the entire condenser water system. For example, the scenario generator module 396 may create a series of scenarios that will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 392 to analyze and validate. The system analysis and control module 392 may ask the agents to make predictions on the scenarios. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 394 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 394 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 396 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 396 may decide to send such predictions to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the condenser water system coordinator 16 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 396.

The scenario generator module 396 may create scenarios by modelling the condenser water plant agent 376 as delivering various condenser water flows and associated temperatures and by modelling the zone agents 378, 380, 384, 386 as satisfying their zone thermal load conditions under various conditions or by modelling the chilled water plant equipment as being able to support such condenser water flows and associated temperatures.

c. Sample Process

The process through which the condenser water system coordinator 16 makes predictions related to the overall condenser water system energy consumption levels or condenser water system flows and associated temperatures is similar to the process that the chilled water system coordinator 16 is implementing when making predictions related to the overall chilled water system energy consumption levels or chilled water system flows and associated temperatures.

3. Condenser Water Plant Agent

a. Purpose

The condenser water plant agent 376 is an independent software agent that monitors and controls all sensors 398, 400, 402, 404 and actuators 406, 408, 410, 412 associated with the condenser water plant. The condenser water plant is comprised of cooling towers and condenser water pumps. Further, the condenser water plant agent 376 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Prediction of the energy use of the entire condenser water         plant.     -   Communication with the condenser water system coordinator 16. It         sends overall condenser water plant energy use predictions and         receives commands from the condenser water system coordinator         16.

b. Internal Structure

Referring to FIG. 23, the internal structure of the condenser water plant agent 376 and its related environment is shown. The environment for the condenser water plant agent 376 is comprised of the sensors and actuators that are used to monitor and control the condenser water plant. The agent is comprised of five modules, each with its own dedicated algorithms and controls logic.

The data filtering module 414 is responsible for separating the data received from sensors 398, 400, 402, 404 and actuators 406, 408, 410, 412. For example, the energy consumption levels of cooling tower fans or condenser water pumps (measured by their related variable frequency drives (VFD)), actual condenser water flow (measured by the associated flow meter), or various temperatures (e.g. condenser water leaving temperature, condenser water return temperature, etc.) will be sent to the system feedback module 416, while data from other various sensors (e.g. alarms, temperatures etc.) will be sent to the system analysis and control module 418. The data filtering module 414 may also send to the system analysis and control module 418 the same data that was sent to the system feedback module 416.

The system feedback module 416 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the various sensors 398, 400,         402, 404 and actuators 406, 408, 410, 412. The type of         information that the system feedback module 416 may collect is         described in the data filtering module 414.     -   Analysis of predictions related to various temperatures (e.g.         condenser water leaving temperature, condenser water return         temperature, etc.). The data received from the various sensors         and actuators will be compared against the predictions made by         the machine learning module 420. Any large discrepancies between         the predicted and measured values could mean that the previous         commands could indicate that the difference in the error or         accuracy of the predictions made by the machine learning module         420 and the actual outcome might have exceeded critical limits,         which in turn has affected the overall energy and energy         performance of the condenser water plant. The system feedback         module 416 will then send the measured values to the machine         learning module 420 such that the machine learning module 420         can update its internal learning algorithms.     -   Collection of information from the condenser water system         coordinator 16. The information may represent feedback regarding         the predictions that the condenser water plant agent 376 has         made. For example, the condenser water plant might deliver a         certain flow of condenser water to the zones or to the chilled         water plant in the same time its internal flow meters are         confirming that the measured condenser water flow is equal to or         close to what was predicted. However, some zones or the chilled         water plant, as measured by their associated flow meters, might         not receive sufficient condenser water. This could be indication         that the water flow meters are defective or that they may need         recalibration.

The machine learning module 420 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Collection of information from the system feedback module 416.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the system feedback module 416.     -   Collection of information from the system analysis and control         module 418. This information may represent data from the various         sensors and actuators, such as condenser water flows and         associated temperatures.     -   Making predictions, using machine learning algorithms, based on         the data received from the system analysis and control module         418 or from the system feedback module 416.     -   Sending the predictions to the system analysis and control         module 418 and to the scenario generator module 422.

For each component (e.g. cooling tower, condenser water pump etc.) of the condenser water plant, the machine learning module 420 will use various machine learning algorithms to predict its performance (e.g. Btu/hr, leaving water temperature etc.), water flow, water pressure drops, and energy consumption (e.g. kWh).

For example, a cooling tower has fixed properties (e.g. width, height, fan horsepower etc.). As such, a machine learning algorithm may be trained, via the use of manufacturer's rated cooling tower performance data at various conditions (e.g. various entering wet bulb air temperatures, entering condenser water temperatures and flow), to predict what the leaving condenser water temperature, or associated condenser water pressure drop may be at other conditions not included in the training data set.

Similarly, using pump laws and manufacturer's rated pump performance data as a training set, a machine learning algorithm may be trained to predict what the condenser water pump energy consumption may be at various system conditions (e.g. various water flows and various associated pump head). Once released into the real environment, the machine learning module 420, via the feedback received from the system feedback module 416, may update its internal machine learning algorithms and related predictions (e.g. pump motor energy consumption, pump head setpoints etc.) to account for system effects and for the measurement errors of the various sensors.

Using an approach similar to the above, the machine learning module 420 may also use each individual component prediction as a data set and/or training set to make predictions for the energy consumption of the entire condenser water plant. For example, the machine learning module 420 may build a training set comprised of the plant condenser water flow, plant entering condenser water temperature, plant leaving condenser water temperature, pump head and associated pump motor energy consumption. Once the training set is of useful size, the machine learning module 420 may use it to predict pump motor energy consumption on new data that is not a part of the training set.

The machine learning module 420 will use the training sets described above to operate the condenser water plant as efficiently as possible. The machine learning module 420 may predict the entering water temperatures, leaving water temperatures, condenser water flow, quantity of towers, and quantity and speed of condenser water pumps that are required to operate to satisfy condenser water load requirements based on the predictions received from the condenser water system coordinator 16.

The system analysis and control module 418 is responsible for the following:

-   -   Monitoring and control of all sensors and actuators related to         the condenser water plant.     -   Collection of information from the data filtering module 414.         The type of information that this module will collect is         described under the data filtering module 414.     -   Analyzing the data from each sensor and actuator. For example,         the system analysis and control module 418 may determine that a         cooling tower fan is no longer capable of running (e.g. the         motor has burned out). As such, the system analysis and control         module 418 may need to update its valid scenarios (e.g. how many         cooling tower fans need to operate and at what speed) to deliver         the required condenser water plant temperature and flow to the         zones and to the chilled water plant.     -   Sending the valid system scenarios to the machine learning         module 420 for predictions.     -   Receiving the predictions from the machine learning module 420         and sending commands to the various actuators. The commands that         the system analysis and control module 418 may send to the         actuators could be valve position, cooling tower fan speed, or         condenser water pump speed.     -   Analyzing the scenarios proposed by the scenario generator         module 422. For each scenario received, the system analysis and         control module 418 will analyze the status of the current         sensors and actuators and will determine which scenario is         valid. For example, one of the scenarios that the scenario         generator module 422 may generate will require the condenser         water plant to deliver 2,000 GPM of condenser water at 65° F. to         the zones and to the chilled water plant. The system analysis         and control module 418 may determine that, due to a cooling         tower fan failure or condenser water pump failure, such scenario         is no longer valid (due to limited condenser water plant         capacity) and that the machine learning module 420 will not make         a prediction on the referenced scenario.

The scenario generator module 422 is responsible for continuously looking for ways/scenarios to improve the overall energy performance of the condenser water plant. For example, the scenario generator module 422 may create a series of scenarios that will then be sent to the system analysis and control module 418 to analyze and validate. Once the scenarios are validated, they may be sent to the machine learning module 420 to make predictions on. The predictions made by the machine learning module 420 will then be sent back to the scenario generator module 422 for analysis. After analyzing the predictions, the scenario generator module 422 may decide to send such predictions to the condenser water system coordinator 16, which may send them to SMITHGROUP-AI 10, which in turn may direct the condenser water system coordinator 16 to implement one of the scenarios created by the scenario generator module 16.

The scenario generator module 422 may create scenarios by varying the cooling tower air flows, water flows and related temperatures. Each such scenario will have an impact on the energy performance of the motors serving the tower fans or the condenser water pumps.

The algorithms, processes, methods, logic, or strategies disclosed may be deliverable to and/or implemented by a processing device, controller, or computer, which may include any existing programmable electronic control unit or dedicated electronic control unit. The supervisors, coordinators, and agents contemplated herein may be implemented across several processors as shown in FIG. 1 or a single processor, etc. Similarly, the algorithms, processes, methods, logic, or strategies may be stored as data and instructions executable by a controller or computer in many forms including, but not limited to, information permanently stored on various types of articles of manufacture that may include persistent non-writable storage media such as ROM devices, as well as information alterably stored on writeable storage media such as floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, RAM devices, and other magnetic and optical media. The algorithms, processes, methods, logic, or strategies may also be implemented in a software executable object. Alternatively, they may be embodied in whole or in part using suitable hardware components, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), state machines, controllers or other hardware components or devices, or a combination of hardware, software and firmware components.

The words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure and claims. As previously described, the features of various embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments that may not be explicitly described or illustrated. While various embodiments may have been described as providing advantages or being preferred over other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more desired characteristics, those of ordinary skill in the art recognize that one or more features or characteristics may be compromised to achieve desired overall system attributes, which depend on the specific application and implementation. These attributes include, but are not limited to cost, strength, durability, life cycle cost, marketability, appearance, packaging, size, serviceability, weight, manufacturability, ease of assembly, etc. As such, embodiments described as less desirable than other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more characteristics are not outside the scope of the disclosure and may be desirable for particular applications. 

What is claimed:
 1. A hierarchical resource management system for a building that has a plurality of zones each with a corresponding resource arranged to alter an environment of the zone, the system comprising: one or more processors programmed to implement a plurality of agents each configured to monitor sensed values describing conditions of one of the zones, generate operating scenarios based on the sensed values for the resource corresponding to the one of the zones, each of the operating scenarios describing an array of set point values for the resource and corresponding to an energy consumption of the resource, and operate the resource according to a commanded one of the operating scenarios, a coordinator configured to, responsive to receipt of the operating scenarios from each of the agents, filter the operating scenarios to remove the operating scenarios that violate internal laws of the agents to form an aggregate validated set of operating scenarios, and a supervisor configured to, responsive to receipt of target conditions for the zones and the aggregate validated set of operating scenarios from the coordinator, select a combination of the operating scenarios from the aggregate validated set of operating scenarios that achieves the target conditions and minimizes overall energy consumption by the resources such that some of the operating scenarios of the combination do not minimize energy consumption of the resources corresponding to the some of the operating scenarios, and direct the coordinator to command operation of the resources according to the combination of the operating scenarios.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the agents are further configured to execute machine learning algorithms to generate the operating scenarios.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the supervisor is further configured to execute machine learning algorithms to select the combination of the operating scenarios from the aggregate validated set of operating conditions.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the agents are further configured to report the internal laws to the coordinator.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the zones is a thermal zone and the resource corresponding to the thermal zone is a heating ventilating and air conditioning unit.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the zones is a lighting zone.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the zones is an electrical switched receptacle zone. 